Chapter 11

Blumenbach divided humans into five races

- Caucasian or white race - Ethiopian or black race - malaxant or brown race - mongolian or yellow race - American or red race

according to Charles waggly and Marvin Harris, a minority group is distinguished by five characteristics

1. unequal treatment and less power over their lives 2. distinguishing physical or cultural traits like skin color or language 3. involuntary membership in the group 4. awareness of subordination and 5. high rate of in-group marriage

people of North American origin or American Indians

American or red race

people of European, middle eastern, and north African origin

Caucasian or white race

people of sub- saharan africans origin

Ethiopian or black race

German physician, zoologist, and anthropologist blank introduced one of the famous groupings by studying human skulls

Johann Friedrich Blumenbach

blank focused his argument on the way racism is functional for the dominant group, for example, suggesting that racism morally justifies a racially unequal society

Nash

blank has the most genetic diversity

africa

is the process by which a minority group and a majority group combine to form a new group. creates the classic melting pot analogy

amalgamation

a person who opposes racism and acts for racial justice

antiracist

describes the process by which a minority individual or group gives up its own identity by taking on the characteristics of the dominant culture

assimilation

is an avoidance of racial language by European- Americans that the racism is no longer an issue

color- avoidance racism

is a form of racism, in which someone believes one type of skin tone is superior or inferior to another within a racial group

colorism

blank are often applied to inequalities of gender, social class, education, race, and ethnicity

conflict theories

occurs when the assumption of inferiority of one or more races is built into the culture of a society

cultural racism

refers to the theory that prejudice is embedded in our culture

culture of prejudice

segregation that occurs without laws but because of other factors

de facto segregation

segregation that is enforced by law

de jure segregation

prejudiced action against a group of people

discrimination

while prejudice refers to biased thinking, blank consists of actions against a group of people

discrimination

a group of people who have more power in a society than any of the subordinate groups

dominant group

while the term blank is often substituted for the group that represents rulers or is in the majority who can access power and privilege in a given society

dominant group

these definitions correlate to the concept that the blank is that which holds the most power in a given society, while blank are those who lack power compared to the dominant group

dominant group subordinate group

blank is based on shared culture- the practices, norms, values, and beliefs of a group that might include shared language, religion, and traditions, among other commonalitites

ethnicity

describes shared culture

ethnicity

shared culture, which may include heritage, language, religion, and more

ethnicity

refers to a subordinate group being forced, by a dominate group, to leave a certain area or country.

expulsion

the act of a dominant group forcing a subordinate group to leave a certain area or even the country

expulsion

emphasizes that all the elements of society have functions that promote solidarity and maintain order and stability in society

functionalism

the deliberate annihilation of a targeted group

genocide

the deliberate annihilation of a targeted group, is the most toxic intergroup relationship. Historically we can see that genocide has included both the intent to exterminate a group and the function of extermination of a group intentional or not

genocide

famed interactionist blank suggested that racial prejudice is formed through interactions between members of the dominant group.

herbert blumer

is economic inequality or social disparity caused by the past racism

historical racism

a blank is a grouping of humankind based on shared physical or social qualities that can vary from one society to another

human race

home mortgages health care

individual and institutional prejudice

refers to prejudice and discrimination executed by individuals consciously and unconsciously that occurs between individuals.

individual or interpersonal racism

feminist sociologists Patricia hill collins further developed blank

intersection theory

suggests we cannot separate the effects of race, class, gender, sexual orientation, and other attributes

intersection theory

learning blank from associating with others, internalizing dominant groups

learning prejudice

the greater he migratory distance from east Africa, the blank the genetic diversity

lower

people of southeast asian origin and Pacific Islanders

malayan or brown race

blank is produced by cells called melanocytes

melanin

any group of people who are singled out from the others for differential and unequal treatment

minority group

describes groups that are subordinate or lack power in society regardless of skin color or country of orgin

minority group

sociologists Louis Wirth defined a blank as any group of people who because of their physical or cultural characteristics are singled out from the others in the society in which they live for differential and unequal treatment, and who therefore regard themselves as objects of collective discrimination

minority groups

the blank stereotype is applied to a minority group that is seen as reaching significant educational, professional, and socioeconomic levels without challenging the existing establishment

model minority

people of all East Asian and some central asian origin

mongolian or yellow race

the dominant explanation of human origin and migration

out of Africa theory

is represented by the ideal of the US as a salad bowl: a great mixture of different cultures where each culture retains its own identity and yet adds to the flavor of the whole

pluralism

a prejudice is not based on personal experience; instead, it is a blank

prejudgment

biased thought based on flawed assumptions about a group of people

prejudice

refers to the beliefs, thoughts, feelings, and attitudes someone holds about a group

prejudice

the blank and blank produced is the major determinant of skin color

quality and quantity

a grouping based on shared physical or social qualities

race

refers to superficial physical differences that a particular society considers significant

race

is a type of systemic racism that involves the singling out of racial minorities for differential treatment, usually harsher treatment.

racial profiling

the use of race alone to determine whether to detain or investigate someones

racial profiling

another example of racist practices is blank, in which real estate agents direct prospective homeowners toward or away from certain neighborhoods based on their race

racial steering

a set of attitudes, beliefs, and practices that are used to justify the belief that one racial category is somehow superior or inferior to others

racism

blank is a stronger type of prejudice and discrimination used to justify inequalities against individuals by maintaining that one racial category is somehow superior or inferior to others; it is a set of practices used by a racial dominant group to maximize advantages for itself by disadvantaging racial minority groups

racism

the practice of routinely refusing mortgages for households and business located in predominately minority communities

redlining

developed initially from Dollards Frustration- Aggression theory, suggest that the dominant group will displace its unfocused aggression onto a subordinate group

scapegoat theory

the intergenerational impact of de facto and de jure racism the limits the abilities of blank people to accumulate wealth

sedimentation of racial inequality

refers to the physical separation of two groups, particularly in residence, but also in workplace and social functions

segregation

over time, descriptions of race like blumenbach's have fallen into disuse, and the blank is a more accepted way of understanding racial categories

social construction of race

are oversimplified generalizations about groups of people

stereotypes

the term minority connotes discrimination, and in its sociological use, the term blank can be used interchangeably with the term minority group

subordinate group

for blank, race and ethnicity provide strong symbols as sources of identity. In fact, some blank propose that the symbols of race, not race itself, are what lead to racism

symbolic interactionists interactionists

is characterized by mutual respect on the part of all cultures, both dominant and subordinate, creating a multicultural environment of acceptance. difficult to reach

true pluralism

the founders of the USA; prejudices against other white groups

wasps

which are the benefits people receive by being a white person or being perceived to be a white person

white privilege