sociology 4
monogamy
"proper" one on one marriage (husband/wife)
reproduction/social placement
(fatherhood) men need women to make children and vice versa-women are needed to raise family (nurturing)
transmission of skill, knowledge, values
-students learn to read, write, do arithmetic-taught by experts -about larger world -or larger society
80
_% of US is religious
conservative, liberal
__ highest group that go to church weekly: __ lowest group
affection/emotional support
all need to be loved/cared for by somebody-family provides that love, care, etc
fundamentalism
among sects-belief that a holy book is the divine word of God and everything in it is to be taken literally-try to follow whatever is in the book
feminist theories
argue that inequalities exist bc of family>say perception of women is from marriage/family
principle of legitimacy
back then: kids born without father considered illegitimate-needed a legit father to act as protector/guardian/rep in society
single parent families
becoming a norm-bc divorce or pregnancy out of wedlock
polytheism
belief in more than one god-hinduism believes cows/elephants sign of god-special god for each village/caste
monotheism
belief in one God-single-most religious (protestant, catholic,judaism,islam)
second shift
book where sociologists came to conclusion that women have to work outside the house longer,but still works when she gets home
dual owning family
both spouses may be in labor force,but one of them may be willing to quit for the other
difficult to define
can not cover entire range of family in every society-all depends on who you ask/when/where
downward extension
children live with you
prolonged adolescence
children relieved of work roles for long periods to acquire education
education
church and state separate: religion not taught but evolution is (hypothesis not proven)
economy
church/set continuum and social class effected by religion
church
conventional-established religious groups of particular type of religion-most mainstream group-stable membership (catholic, protestant)
secular humanism
creationism can be taught in schools
social change
criticize injustices-religion does change society (MLK Jr. used religious values to change society)
status quo
current status- religion helps to maintain inequality that can be based on class, race, gender
need for faith, churches/religions
demand for religion= supply=
serial monogamy
divorce/widow-remarry-another one on one marriage
developmental
family goes through a process
social institution
family is area of society that takes care of our basic needs-interdependence-how family is affected by and affecting other institutions
honeymoon-preschool-child-gradeschool-teenagers-child leaves home-empty nest-retirement
family life cycle stages:depends on children's age
family of procreation
family you create (wife/husband, children)
symbolic interactionism
focus on process of gender role/after do something/not doing something over and over,pick up role/job/identity (kids see this)-doing your gender
secularization
focus on this world and worldly things (science, reasoning, technology) as distinguished by church, religious affairs, and faith-become less religious- many believe in this-its incorrect (no data to support)
social cohesion
get community aspect-not just for faith
ceremonies
gives significance to birth, adulthood, marriage, death
baby boom
golden age of family-result of low divorce rate-early marriage, and having many kids
family
group of kin united by blood, marriage, or adoption who shares a common residence for some part of their life and assume reciprocal rights and obligations with regard to one another
latent functions
hidden functions
divorce
high peak in WW11-low until mid 60s-rise until 1979-becoming decreasing
nonmartial cohabitation
homo & hetero couples-living together as couples without being married-do things very similar to married couples-happens more frequently now
single mothers
increase-caused by behavior in marriage
patrilineal descent
inherit from father's family-allegieance to father' kin
matrilineal descent
inherit from mother's family
education
institution that deals with transmission of skill/knowledge to members
sect
less conventional-groups that are branched out of main church-were not satisfied, start separate-can become more mainstream (jehovahs witness)
purpose of life
life was empty before religion, needed religion to fill a void
universally
look at families all over world and found that the particular family unit is __ recognized-we could not live without family
conflict theory perspective
looks at society and struggle of inside the home-its natural and result of struggle for power
teen birth rate
lowest ever-going down-all time low-2010 lowest ever
complimentary needs
making money and having children/cleaning house-mens pay is higher, so women do house work-diviso of labor by gender
arranged
marriage for convenience/told who to marry-affection may develop later-connection between two families or survival
romantic
marriage for love
sexual regulation
married couples make contract to only make love with each other-keeps society from going out o control
endogamy
marry someone inside particular group-(age, race, religion, socioeconomic status)
exogamy
marry someone outside group-(family, gender)
bi-lateral descent
means that we belong to both sides of the family
extended
members of family extending further than nuclear family (gparents, aunts, cousins etc)
group marriage
more than one man, and more the one woman-doesnt work>jealousy and developing love for just one (commune)
religious pluralism
more variety of religious organizations is available, the more likely people belong to one of them
denomination
name in the US referring to a particular religious group
economic cooperation/support
need your family to survive (kids, sick, elderly) need help of family-cant survive alone
dual career families
not so much a variation-both spouses have established careers-harder to abandon one or the other
family of orientation
nuclear family born into (mother/father, brothers, sisters)
modified extended family structure
nuclear family household is norm & deal/maintain connections with our extended family quite often- (Thanksgiving, communication via telephone, email, social media)→ household important, but what we do everyday is also important- not necessarily an extended family household, not isolated with nuclear family
manifest functions
obvious functions-good stuff of religion-univeral, every society has religion-if its universal, there must be a function
race/ethnicity
one difference in extended households
polygyny
one husband and more than one wife-(usually 4)-not based on sexual/romantic attraction-based on money/convenience/business
polyandry
one woman,many men-bad because number of women who can reproduce decreases-small population until extinction-poor societies-uncommon
productive for society
our members become more productive when they are educated
upward extension
parents/ grandparents live with you
persecution
people can be killed because of their religious beliefs
obedience
people learn to become obedient because of teaching
social control
people listen to the leader of the churches-things are in order-reinforce social norms-sanctions for violations
household
people living in same place-clear and easy to measure
exchange theory
people weight rewards and costs in social interactions-sources unequal, one will be at disadvantage, other has power>need equality or one will leave
civil rights movement, new conservatism
politics and religion resulted in 2 things
meritocracy
promotion based on productivity
socialization
raise kids so they can survive/function as member of society-develop mentally,physically,socially healthy>also, husband and wife make each other better
martial status and marriage rate
rates are coming down slowly-low in 50s-relatiely higher than other countries in US
totemism
relates to family system-different groups worship different totems-family inherits certain "symbol"-very common in some places-poles
war
religion is often time a reason for this conflict
legitimization of inequalities
rich vs. poor, white vs. black
incest taboo
sexual relations with close relatives-wrong-rule in country=marry outside family & sex
horizontal extension
siblings live with you
nuclear
smallest unit-husband, wife, kids (core)-dont have to have kids-any two or more persons related in some way that share residence
religion
social institution that deals with the area of the life people believe is sacred-consists of people's beliefs, community of believers, and rituals or ceremonies
childless marriage
some are voluntary and some involuntary
descent
some societies place more emphasis on one bloodline over other (inheritance on membership and properly into mothers/fathers/both families)-linage not important in US (determines surname-side children belong to)
martial satisfaction
starts high, drops down over time then peaks at end-U shape
ecclesia
state religion-dont have one in the US-seperation of church and state-many countries do have-a uniform set of beliefs-religion goes along with govt.
communist government
state tries to control religion (christianity banned in soviet union) know religion can be as strong driving force with govt.-religion and state
birthrate
steady decrease-except in 50s-pretty low now-stay same-US rate is pretty high
life course approach
suggests families pass through life cycles-series of different responsibilities and tasks-each stage requires different interaction patterns, roles, and responsibilities
shamanism
talk to god-one person/ 2 persons used as a middle man between god and normal people-transfer message-usually political leader
quiet revolution
term for women who became dissatisfied and quietly, they show their dissatisfaction-2/3 divorce initiated by women-has a lot to do with inequality
cult
term we have to be careful with-"new religion"-normally deals with one person as a single leader-normally becomes problematic-calls for new,unique,unusual lifestyle-sucked in by peer pressure (recruited) result of conformity-hard to notice how ridiculous things are from inside-jim jones jonestown
communication and age
two major factors of divorce?
new behavior/knowledge
typing, power point, web, etc
animalism
very common belief in asia, africa, central am.-everything has a spirit-have to cherish and respect it-appreciate life/spirit it has-influence spirits with rituals/behaviors
functionalist theory
view of family that talks about complimentary needs-husband may be better at some things, wife better at other things-they both need each other and make up for weaknesses- income can play role
conflict
views religion as a way to control and is based on inequality- exploitations of poor by elite-make masses follow rules and accept their conditions
segregation
within religion, people can be separated based on race, gender, sexual orientation, etc. based on beliefs of that religion