Chapter 11 AP Euro

Luther's 3 fundamental beliefs-

1) faith, not works 2) each man is his own priest 3) the Bible is the final authority on things spiritual.

Archbishop of Canterbury

Beginning of Chapter: Highest Catholic Bishop in England. End of the Chapter: Religious Head (Highest Bishop) in the Church of England. When England was Catholic it had been the highest ranking Bishop in England, when England Broke with Rome it remained the highest ranking CHURCH office. But the King is still the official "Head of the Church in England".

Institutes of the Christian Religion 1536

Calvin's definitive theological statement of the Protestant Faith. The overarching theme of the work is God's total sovereignty, particularly regarding salvation. It is a very readable (lawyer) argument for Calvin's doctrines.

John Wycliffe 1324 - 1384

Early critic of the Church. He was an English Priest & theologian who translated the Vulgate Bible into English. He pushed for many reforms and was eventually declared a heretic.

Henry VIII

English king who broke away from the Catholic church because Pope Clement VII would not grant him an annulment of his marriage to Catherine of Aragon, who bore him no sons; started the Anglican religion, which was similar to Catholicism in all ways except for that the king was the head of the English church, not the pope; married Anne Boleyn, who he had beheaded, as well as four other women

Martin Luther

German monk and church reformer who wrote the Ninety-Five Theses in 1517, which condemned the selling of indulgences and the political power of the pope; his teachings and writings spurred the Protestant Reformation; his beliefs became the foundation for the Lutheran religion, was against social reform, wanted only religious reform

Edward VI

Henry VIII's successor, introduced Calvinism- 12 year old kid

Geneva Switzerland

John Calvin's city that was to become a model Christian community. A city whose laws matched the will of God or Calvin. Geneva was a refuge for persecuted Protestants.

Luther's Three Major Changes:

Justification through faith, not works. Every man is his own priest.

Thomas More

One of King Henry VIII's closest advisors until he refused to sign the Act of Supremacy and therefore recognize the king, not the pope, as head of the English church; was executed because of this, and was declared a martyr and a saint by the Catholic church

Act of Supremacy (1555)

Parliament passed this act to make the king of England instead of the pope the head of the Church of England. He also seized church property while persecuting Protestants as heretics.

Anabaptist

Protestant Religion started by Conrad Grebel that is the origin of the modern Mennonite and Amish religions; believed in adult baptism; were anti-war, pledged no oaths to government, and did not believe in holding political positions; took over a city named Munster, which contained an inadequate number of males, thus starting polygamy; Munster was eventually sieged and destroyed by Catholics and Lutherans; beliefs embodied in the "Schleitheim Confession"

Antitrinitarians

Protestants who denied the idea of the Holy Trinity

The Catholic Reformation

Revival Movement WITHIN the Catholic Church spurred by the attacks of the Protestant Reformation. There were many Catholics who wanted to see Church practices cleaned up but wanted to remain faithful to the Church. These Catholic reformers created new orders of monks (Jesuits); new lay movements to foster piety; and called for a study of doctrinal reforms (Council of Trent).

Ignatius of Loyola

Spanish Soldier and Founder of the Society of Jesus (Jesuits); Loyola became a Catholic leader during the Catholic/Counter Reformation. Loyola's focus was on the need for unquestioning obedience to the Catholic Church and her leaders.

Ulrich Zwingli

Swiss patriot who had similar ideas to Luther with some important differences: denied all sacraments and Christ wasn't present in Communion, he's present in everything around us

Wittenberg

The Cathedral in Wittenberg is the location of the beginning of the Reformation. Luther nailed the 95 Theses to the Wittenberg Cathedral door. Wittenberg is in Saxony, which is in the Holy Roman Empire.

The Elect

Those chosen to enter Heaven after they die; Calvinism

Counter-Reformation

attempt by the Catholic church to stop the spread of the Protestant Reformation, win back Protestant converts, convince Catholics to remain faithful, and to reform the corrupt aspects of the church

Peace of Augsburg

declaration by Charles V after he realized that it was impossible to force Protestants to convert back to Catholicism; made the division in Christianity permanent; declares that the ruler of a land would determine its religion; only allows Catholic or Lutheran religion, makes no concessions to Calvinists, Anabaptists, Spiritualists, etc.

Star Chamber

established by Henry VII, this was a court to check Aristocratic power

John Tetzel

famous indulgence preacher commissioned by Archbishop Albrecht to go town to town selling indulgences to raise money for the construction of St. Peter's basilica

John Calvin

founder of Calvinism, wrote "Institutes of the Christian Religion" arguing for predestination, no free will

English Reformation

led by King Henry VIII who wanted to marry Anne Boleyn but needed to divorce Catherine of Aragon to do that. Eventually, in order to have his marriage with Anne, he broke with the Catholic Church and formed the Church of England (Anglican Church)

Diet of Worms

meeting that addressed Luther's debate against John Eck in which he questioned the infallibility of the pope and church councils; in this meeting, Luther is ordered to recant his beliefs, which he refuses to do because to do so would be "against his conscience"; consequently, he is declared an outlaw

The Acts of Six Articles

passed in 1539 by Parliament making Catholic beliefs obligatory in England

"Justification by Faith"

phrase coined by Luther that shaped one of the main ideas of the Protestant Reformation; idea that merely charitable acts and church attendance did not grant one salvation, but rather, salvation could be attained by faith in Jesus Christ

Ninety-Five Theses

posted by Luther on the door of a church in Wittenberg; contained protests against the selling of indulgences and the political power of the pope

indulgences

sold these as pardons, supposedly to reduce the punishment in the hereafter for certain sins. Greatly supported by Tetzel

Protestant Reformation

the break from the Catholic Church, led by Martin Luther, that was one of the greatest revolutions of the time

Predestination

the idea that ones salvation has already been predetermined by God

simony

the practice of selling church offices to the highest bidders. Also the practice of holding multiple positions

Women's gain and loss of status

women changed from temptress to virgin. marriage was promulgated and reformers sought help from their wives. gain divorce rights.