Chapter 11: Health and Society

Since 1981, AIDS has killed more than ____________ people worldwide.

25 million

Adriana Lleras-Muney (2005) found that an extra year of schooling decreased a person's chances of dying by ____________ percentage points in a ten-year period.

3.6

Since 1981, AIDS has killed more than ____________ Americans.

500,000

What population currently has the highest rate of HIV contraction in the United States?

African Americans

Hypertension is directly related to stress, which can be attributed to being poor. However, poor African Americans in the United States have rates of hypertension that are similar to middle- and upper-class African Americans. How would the "tokenism theory" explain this?

All African Americans may still experience discrimination.

Why aren't antibiotics as successful in treating illnesses as they were several years ago?

Bacteria have become resistant to antibiotics.

Which of the following was the result of medical licensing that began in the mid-1800s?

It gave physicians more economic clout.

Which of the following is true with regard to bottled water?

It is more expensive than gasoline by volume.

The American values of hard work and self-reliance might lead blacks to follow the example of which folklore figure in order to prove themselves?

John Henry

A government program that provides health insurance for the poor is:

Medicaid

If state and federal health care plans don't change, which of the following can you look forward to when you turn 65?

Medicare

Which government program provides medical care for people with disabilities and the elderly?

Medicare

Physician prestige has been on the decline since the 1980s. Which of the following might be a reason?

More people in the medical community are being allowed to prescribe.

What is a social benefit of adopting the sick role?

People who do so are not looked down on or morally judged if they do not work.

Which of the following is a volunteer organization in which physicians volunteer to help poor nations?

The Smile Train

According to existing studies, why did the elderly who received more Social Security have higher mortality rates than the elderly who received less Social Security and had to work part-time?

Working had a positive impact on their longevity due to social interaction.

Society believes that a doctor passing by the scene of an accident has:

a moral obligation to stop and try to help

A professional who attempts to make a client happy at the expense of the esteem of his or her peers is known to sociologists as:

a quack

In 1986, the Emergency Medical Treatment and Active Labor Act (EMTALA) was passed, making it:

a requirement to treat even the uninsured at emergency rooms.

One concern of using technology such as amniocentesis in countries like China and India is:

aborting female fetuses

In 1980, the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM) III:

adopted a medical model of mental illness

When it comes to health care, Western societies:

are reactive; people tend to go to the doctor only when they decide they are sick.

What might inhibit American teenagers from reaching their maximum growth potential?

bad diet

Which of the following are benefits of being a tall man?

better health

Who is more likely to die young?

black male

Poor children can be covered medically by:

both Medicaid and the State Children's Health Insurance Plan.

The researchers in the Whitehall Study examined what occupational sector?

civil servants

Which of the following professions has the least number of practitioners in the United States?

doctors

Your text suggests that significant economic development in underdeveloped areas of the world would require:

eliminating malaria

The "drift explanation" of the relationship between health and socioeconomic status (SES) states that:

genetics and biology affect SES so that people who are healthier have an easier time maintaining a high SES.

The main problem of fee-for-service is that doctors have an incentive to:

have patients return for unnecessary visits

The eradication of African river blindness (onchocerciasis) illustrates the connection between:

health and economic development

The Whitehall Study found that men in lower ranks had which of the following risk factors?

higher stress levels

One of the things that may have led Dr. Paul Farmer's (cofounder of Partners in Health) continued commitment to helping the poorest regions of the world with regard to health care is:

his PhD in medical anthropology, which gives him experience as a social scientist.

The American Medical Association was the beginning of the end (until very recently) of:

homeopathic medicine

Morbidity means ____________; mortality means ____________.

illness; death

What did the former United Nations secretary-general Kofi Annan say was one of the most important factors in defeating infectious diseases?

increasing access to clean water

What did Mechanic and Meyer find to be the most important factor for patients in rating their doctor?

interpersonal confidence

Poor diet during adolescence can be detrimental to growth potential because:

it is one of the periods in life in which a growth spurt takes place.

Which type of family has higher child mortality rates?

large

____________ results from inadequate growth during gestation or a curtailed period of gestation.

low birth weight

After mental illness became "medicalized," what was one major change that occurred?

medication replaced counseling

If you are interested in comparing the rates of illness between males and females in your dorm, you need to know the different:

morbidity rates

Which of the following contributes to increasing rates of heart disease and hypertension in women?

more women are entering high-level jobs

Doctors are typically most concerned with the opinion of their:

peers

One of the key traits of the medical profession is its focus on:

peers

Married people tend to live longer than unmarried people. It could be that they take better care of themselves when they have the responsibility of a family. It could also be that:

people who are healthier are more likely to get married.

Inequality creates ____________, which affects our height through stress reactions.

psychological stress

The explanation for the relationship between socioeconomic status and health that focuses on an individual's social class, and the relative stressors inherent in a lower-class lifestyle, is called:

psychosocial

Fee-for-service means physicians are:

reimbursed per office visit or procedure by insurance agencies.

Although doctors are very intimate and personal with their patients, it is also important for them to:

remain objective

Which of the following is a reason for the decline in doctors' authority after 1990?

rising ability of nurse practitioners to treat patients

When Susie takes up smoking, the cost of her insurance coverage goes up. This is a result of:

risk adjustment

The longevity discrepancy between blacks and whites may be a sign of:

social inequality

Asians tend to have lower infant mortality rates than others in the United States. This is most likely attributable to:

socioeconomic status

What invention first helped doctors examine patients rather than just observe them?

stethoscope

The fee-for-service system caused a situation where physicians could determine the number of (often unnecessary) visits required for treatment. This problem was called:

supplier-induced demand

Historically, physicians did not have particularly high prestige, but their power did peak, according to some sociologists, around:

the 1980s

Which federal government program for children matches the state funding while still allowing states to set their own criteria for eligibility and control the disbursement of funds?

the State Children's Health Insurance Plan

What public health risk do we face if more and more people fail to complete prescribed courses of antibiotics?

the development of antimicrobial-resistant antigens

Use of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM) is now required by:

the insurance industry

Physicians in ancient Rome tended to have lower prestige. This was because:

the surgeons evolved from barbers

Around the 1990s, physicians' authority began to decline for several reasons, one of which was that more physicians were associated with health maintenance organizations (HMOs). This meant that:

there were changes in the way we paid for care.

It is suggested that Asian and Pacific Islanders have the lowest infant mortality rates in the United States because:

they do better economically

What did Barry Bogin find was different in the Mayans' lifestyle that allowed them to grow 4 inches taller in the United States than in Guatemala?

they had to access to a better diet

One of the criticisms of the Whitehall Study is that the researchers did not adequately address the possibility that occupational and health differences were caused by:

underlying personality differences

Under HMOs, doctors usually don't get more money each time a patient comes in, so the incentive might be to:

undertreat the patient

While HMOs might decrease the prestige of physicians, they could also be detrimental to patients because a patient could be:

undertreated

Which of the following is one of the ways that doctors establish their power?

use a desk between doctor and patient

One can best equate homeopathy to:

vaccines

The Whitehall Study found which of the following factors important in determining health outcomes?

what a person does for a living

Reproductive technology has increased the number of multiple births, which leads to the ethical issue of:

whether to abort some of the embryos

The Whitehall Study was later expanded to include:

women

What is one reason men have higher mortality rates than women?

women are more likely to seek medical care

If you miss an appointment with your physician:

you will most likely be charged anyway.