Chapter 11: Motivation & Work

Organizational Psychology: Define Achievement Motivation. How can you be successful? 1. What distinguishes very successful people from equally talented peers?

*Achieve: A desire for significant accomplishment;for mastery of things, people, or ideas; for rapidly attaining a high standard ---People w/ this high of this achieve more *Those who are highly motivated and self-disciplined will spend many hours in a day to pursue their goals, such as being a violinist, soccer player, painter, etc. They are very successful 1. Grit- passionate dedication to an ambitious, long-term goal

Personnel Selection: What does is aim to do? What does identifying strengths do?

*Aims to match people's strengths (curiosity, charm, competitive, analytic, persistent, eager to learn,etc.) with the work that enables them to flourish *By identifying strengths, jobs will focus more on those strengths and less on experience

Pain of Ostracism: What is it? What threatens our need to belong? What do ostracized people do? What can rejection do?

*Being excluded socially * Being shunned (cold shoulder, avoiding eyes) threatens our need to belong *People who are ostracized are depressed, try to restore their acceptance efforts, and then withdrawal *Rejection also makes you act more aggressively . Some try to find new friends

Why do we NEED to belong? Please mention survival

*Belonging aids in survival. Having attachments serves as a powerful survival impulse.And those who form attachments are more likely to reproduce ---Working together (hunting) also aids in survival. Those with a new to belong have survived and reproduced

Eating Behavior: Bio, Psych, and Social-Cultural Influences

*Bio: Hypothalamic centers, appetite hormones, stomach pang, attraction to sweet and salty foods, and weight/setting point *Psych: Sight & smell of food, foods available, memory of last meal, stress, mood, food portions *Social: Learned preferences, and responses to preferences from appearance

Sexual Motivation: Bio, Psych, & Soci-Cultural Influences

*Bio: Sexual maturity, sex hormones, and sexual orientation *Psych: Sexual fantasies, exposure to stimulating conditions *Social: Family & society values, religious & personal values, cultural expectations, and media

Appetite Hormones: Describe Gherlin, Obestatin, PPY, Insulin, and Leptin

*Gherlin- Hunger-arousing hormone secreted by an empty stomach (Says I'm hungry!) *Obestatin- Sends out a fullness signal that surpresses hunger (Says I'm full!) *PPY- Secreted bu digest tract; sends "I'm not hungry" signal to brain *Leptin- Secreted by fat cells; when abundant causes brain to increase metabolism and decrease hunger (diminishes rewarding pleasure of food) *Insulin- Secreted by pancreas; controls blood sugar

Describe an effective leader:

*He's not too assertive (limits social relationships) or under assertive (limits task leadership), but an in between *They also have charisma that gives clear communication and inspires others to follow *They have both task and social leadership

Appraising Performance: What does it help do? What can feedback do? 2. What do appraisal methods include? 3. Is it vulnerable to bias? What about leniency, severity, and recency errors?

*Helps to decide who to retain, how to reward and pay folks, and how to better handle strengths, sometimes with promotions. Feedback gives workers info and helps motivate improvement 2. Checklists that supervisors use to check behavior (Like always attends to customer), Graphic ratings (numbers) on how dependable, productive, etc.work is, AND behavior rating scales that describes the worker's performance (rating "always takes shortcuts" or "follows procedures") 3. This is vulnerable to bias though. Leniency and severity errors is when evaluater is too easy or tough. Recency errors is on when raters focus on what's recently remembered

Define hunger & satiety. Describe the experiment where stomachs were removed?

*Hunger- general state of wanting to eat *Satiety- general state of not wanting eat *Experiment: Tsang removed rat stomachs & rats still felt hunger & ate

Hypothalamus & Hunger: Where is hunger control located in the brain? What 2 center areas control hunger. What happens if you stimulate or destroy those areas? What happens if blood sugar decreases?

*Hypothalamus. 2 hypothalamic centers influence eating *Lateral Hypothalamus(Along Sides)- Brings on hunger (If stimulated, well-fed animals eat. If destroyed, starving animals have no desire to eat) *If blood sugar decreases, lateral-H secretes orexin (hunger-triggering hormone), then you become VERY hungry *The Ventromedial Hypothalamus (Lower-mid H)- Depresses hunger. Stimulate this and an animal will stop eating. Destroy this,and the animal's stomach and intestines will process food rapidly, causing to become REALLY fat (They don't realize they're NOT hungry...)

Why do teens have a LOWER rate of contraceptive use and HIGHER abortion rate?

*Ignorance- they ignore STD and pregnancy risks *Minimal Communication about birth control *Guilt related to sexual activity *Alcohol Use *Mass media of unprotected promiscuity

Drive-Reduction Theory: What are the 3 parts? Define each

*Imbalance in the system ---Some system in the body isn't physiologically balanced *Creates a need --Bio requirement for well-being *Brain interprets body's need as a drive ---Drive = feeling of arousal

Structured Interviews: Define. Difference w/ unstructured interview? 1. Difference b/w structured and unstructured Questions? 2. Which interview is the better predictor of job performance? What do structured interviews reduce?

*Interview process that asks the same job-relevant questions of all applicants, each of whom is rated on established scales *Unstructured Interviews is a casual convo aimed at getting a feel for someone- their warmth, verbal ability, etc. 1. Unstructured: How well do you handle stress, how well do you get along with people. People can master these ---Structured: Outlines job-specific situations and ask candidates to explain how them would handle them. Ex: Tell me about the time you were stuck b/w conflicting demands w/o time to complete both. How would you handle that? The interviewer takes notes and makes ratings then and reduces bias 2. Structured interviews are better predictors of performance than unstructured ones

Personnel Psychology & Organizational Psychology: Define both. What d both kinds of psychologists do?

*Personnel: A subfield of I/O psych that focuses on employee recruitment, selection, placement, training, appraisal, and development ---They match people w/ jobs by identifying and placing well-suited candidates *Organize: A subfield of I/O psych that examines organizational influences on worker satisfaction and productivity and facilitates organizational change ---How work environments and management styles influence worker motivation, satisfaction, and productivity ---Modify jobs and supervision in ways toboost morale and productivity

Drive-Reduction Theory: What did it replace? Define. What happens when a physiological need increases? What is the goal of drive reduction? Give me a flow chart of this process

*Replaced the Instinct Theory *Def: The idea that a physiological need creates an aroused tension state (a drive) that motivates an organism to satisfy the need *When a physiological need (food, water, etc.) increases, so does the physiological drive (aroused, motivated state) *Goal: Homeostasis- to maintain a balanced or constant internal state (the regulation of any body chemistry, such as blood glucose) ---Ex: Body Temp Regulation System *Flow Chart: Need (Food, Water)--- Drive (Hunger, Thirst)--- Drive-Reducing Behaviors (Eating, Drinking)

Define set point & basal metabolic rate 2. How do bodies regulate weight? How do researchers feel about a set point?

*Set Point- The point at which an individual's "weight themostat"is supposedly set. When the body falls below this weight, an increase in hunger and a lower metabolic rate may react to restore lost weight *Basal: the rate of energy expenditure for maintaining basic body functions when the body is at rest *Regulate weight through control of food intake, energy output, and basal metabolic rate *Researchers don't really believe in set points because slow changes in body weight can change the set point and psychological factors also affect hunger (Give us a buffet of tasty food and we'll eat away lol)

Social Effects of Obesity: What is the stereotype? How do be assume you are? Is weight discrimination large? Does it change how you're treated? What does it cause?

*Sterotype: Slow, Lazy, Sloppy *People assume you're meaner and more obnoxious *Changes how you're treated and how you feel about yourself *Weight discrimination is larger than gender and race discrimination (Think of jobs, etc.) *Causes depression, anxiety, and a lower well-being

Sexual Response Cycle: Define & Describe each part

*The 4 stages of sexual responding described by Masters & Johnson--- excitement, plateau, orgasm, and resolution 1. Excitement- Genital areas become engorged with blood. A woman's vagina expands & secretes lubricant. Breasts and nipples enlarge 2. Plateau- Breathing, blood, and pressure rates increase. Penis becomes enlarged with fluid (sperm). Vaginal secretions increase and clitoris retracts 3. Orgasm- Muscle contractions all over the body accompanied with further increase in breathing, blood, and pressure rates. Woman's orgasms propels semen, increasing chances of conception 4. Resolution- After orgasm, the body gradually returns to its unaroused state quickly (Not so quickly if orgasm didn't occur). Men enter a refractory period.

How do we sustain relationships? What can be a problem in relationships? What happens when something (death, separation) threatens our social ties

*We call, write, revisist, but parting always brings disstress.That's why we sustain our relationships by computer, texting,and emailing *The fear of being alone over physical abuse can be a problem a abusive relationships though... *When something threatens our social ties we have anxiety, loneliness, jealousy, fear, guilt overwhelming us

Why do we WANT to belong?

*We often think about actual and hoped-for relationships. Being in love or having close friends make us happy *The need to belong runs deeper than the need for money. *Most people list friends, family, relationships, etc. as what makes them happy or what helps define them *When we feel included, accepted, and loved by close ones then our self-esteem runs high

Psychology of Hunger: How do taste preferences affect hunger? Does mood affect hunger? 2. Are people conditioned or averted to some foods? 3. Could appreciation for new tastes develop? 4. Define Neophobia

*When we're hungry, sometimes we're have certain tastes. If we're depressed maybe we want starchy-carb food (Oreo, donuts, other fats) 2. People conditioned to love excessive salt may want really salty food or people who've been sickened from food develop an aversion from it 3. With repeated exposure, an appreciation for the new taste could develop 4. Neophobia- Dislike of unfamiliar things

Environmental Factors & Obesity: How does sleep deprivation affect hunger? Are you more likely to be obese when you're around obese people? 3. Does inactivity cause obesity? What about activity? 4. Is the food today higher in sugar, fat, and expend less calories? What causes freshman 15?

*With sleep deprived, it leptin decreases and gherlin increases 2. Yes, you are likely to be obese, 3. Yes, in activity such as TV watching can increases chances of obesity. People leaving in walking areas, activity areas, loss weight and decreases obesity 4. Yes, our food today is like that... 5. The cafeteria with the all you can eat buffet, the junk food, the waffles, etc.

Motivation at Work: What does work satisfy? Difference b/w a job, career, and a calling

*Work satisfies a lot. To live is to work. Work supports, defines, and connects us. It gives us purpose *Job- unfulfilling but necessary to make pay *Career- opportunity to advance from one position to a better one *Calling- fulfilling and socially useful activity (Highest Sanctification)

Ecology of Psych: Do situations control our eating? How so? Define Social Facilitation. What is unit bias? Does our last mem of a meal affect hunger?

*Yes, situations can control eating. We eat MORE with others, such as at a banquet or party *Social Facilitation- The presence of others tends to amplify our natural behavior tendencies (Ex: Such as with more eating) *Unit Bias- You take and eat more when offered food in bigger sizes or portions *Yes, when we remember our last mem of a meal, we anticipate the next and become hungry

What physiological factors produce hunger: Do stomach pangs trigger hunger? Define Glucose. What happens if blood glucose falls? Signals from where signals your brain to do what?

*Yes, stomach pangs trigger hunger * Glucose- The form of sugar that circulates in the blood and provides the major source of energy for body tissues, When its level is low, we feel hunger *If blood glucose levels drop, you won't feel the change, but your brain, which monitors your blood chemistry & body's internal state, will trigger hunger. *Signals from your stomach, intestines, and liver all signal your brain (hypothalamus) to motivate eating or not

Genetic Factor of Obesity: Are adopted kids weight more similiar to their bio or adopted parents? Do identical twins have similiar weight? With an obese parents, are you more likely to be obese? Do we all have different genes that affect our weight?

1. Biological Parents 2. Identical Twins have similar weight 3. Yes. 3x for boys and 6x for girls 4. Yes, some tell us when we're full or when we're hungry. There are all kinds of genes that affect weight

Organizational Psych: Managing Well: How do you adjust job-relevant strengths? 2. Should we set goals/ What kind?

1. By finding those strengths and them adjusting their work roles to suit their talents. We develop & train what talents are there rather than ones that aren't. Then, we need to reinforce positive behavior through recognition and reward 2. Yes, set specific, challenging goals that involve reaching high levels of mastery or performance. This will increase motivation and effort (such as researching for HW or practicing basketball) and on-time completion

What are 2 sources of achievement motivation?

1. Emotional Roots- learning to associate achievement with positive emotions 2. Cognitive Roots- learning to attribute achievement with one's own competence, thus raising expectations of oneself

What are the 4 perspectives psychologists have used in their attempt to understand motivated behaviors?

1. Instinct Theory (Now replaced by evolutionary perspective) 2. Drive-Reduction Theory 3. Arousal Theory 4. Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs

Organizational Psych: Satisfaction & Engagement: Why is it good to have job satisfaction and engaged employees? 2 What can job satisfaction lead to? 3. Compare engaged v. disengaged people 4. Business with engaged employees have more of what?

1. Job satisfaction feeds life satisfaction. Engaged, happy workers stay present, more productive, more punctual, and less likely to quit. 2. Job satisfaction leads to improved performance which leads to success 3. Engaged employees know what they need to do, feel fulfilled in their work, and the work to the best of their ability, compared to disengaged folks who are just putting in time 4. More loyal customers, higher productivity, and higher profits

External Stimuli: How do men become aroused? Women? Do people ever find this stimuli disturbing? Can viewing X-rated material diminish satisfaction with your own sex life

1. Men become aroused when they see, hear, or read erotic material. Women can too, their brains just respond differently 2. Some find it disturbing and they avoid it 3. Yes,it can

Sexual Orientation: Is it a mental disorder? Do teens struggle with their homosexuality? Who's sexual drives are more flexible: men or women's? What's a high sex drive for a man or woman?

1. Nah, it's not a mental disorder. It's not willfully chosen or willfully changed. We don't choose it. Some are one way or the other 2. Yes, some teens attempt to suicide or hurt themselves. Some also try to deny or ignore their desires,hoping they'll go away 3. Women's sex drives are more flexible. They tend to change their minds on what they want. It doesn't really change for men 4. High Sex drive for men = look at men OR women. High sex drive for women = look at men AND women (Erotic Plasticity)

Losing Weight: Is it easy to lose weight? Is it easy to keep weight loss permanent? How so? Finally, what can being obsessed with thinness lead to?

1. No, it's not easy. Remember, when you lose weight the body thinks its starving and increases your hunger and decreases your metabolism 2. Permanent weight loss is even more difficult. Most people just end up gaining it back. To keep it off, set realistic goals, such as exercising daily. Though keep in mind, it can be done 3. Being obsessed with thinness can lead to binge eating, malnutrition, smoking, depression, etc.

Physiology of Obesity: Will you lose a pound for every 3500 calorie reduction in their diet? What is the immediate determinant of body fat? How do fat cells vary? What are they like in a obese v. a normal person? Do the NUMBER of fat cells decreaes

1. No. This is false 2. Size and number of fat cells. Fat cells can vary from nearly empty to overly full *In an obese person, fat cells can swell 2 or 3x larger than a normal's person's, and trigger division causing there to be 75 billion fat cells (Norm is 30-40 billion). Once the number increases, it never decreases. The size may shrink, but the number doesn't

Sexual Orientation: Do animals ever have same-sex partners? How do our brains differ? Do genes effect sexual orientation? 4. Could a shared prenatal environment be a factor in sexuality? 5. Are some traits different b/w gays and straights? Who are gay men more similar to?

1. Surprisingly, they do. All kinds, ducks, gorillas, etc. 2. Gay men and straight women have brain hemispheres of similar size AND lesbian women and straight men have a larger right hemisphere 3. There is evidence that multiple genes in humans could explain sexual orientation (Think of fruit fly example). For example, homosexuality does run in the family 4. Yes, prenatal conditions alter the fetus. If a male or female fetus is injected with testosterone, then they'll act more male and be attracted to males in the future 5. Yes, some traits are. Such as a hair whorls, ridges on finger prints, etc. These trait differences could be due to prenatal factors. Gay men are also more similar to straight women

Interviews: Do interviews predict job performance well? What best predicts job performance? What is Interviewer's Illusions and explain the problems? 4. How to personnel psychologists improve prediction and selection

1. They seem confident in predictions, but they are very error-prone. 2. General mental ability tests best predicts on-the-job performance 3. When people believe that are more skilled than they actually are at interviews ---Problems: Interviewers follow track of the hired not the rejected to see how good their ability really is. They think people are who they seem to be. Moods and preconceptions also colors the interview 4. By putting people in work situations, look at info of past performance & interviews, and administer tests

Motivation & Work: Who typically has lower well-being? What is the psychological contract?

1. Those that are unemployed. Work enriches our lives 2. The subjective sense of mutual obligations b/w workers and employees (Will it become more or less securing as work changes)

Sexual Orientation: Where do our preferences come from? What is the fraternal birth order effect? What happens if you're segregated by your gender when your sex drive matures?

1. Unknown. Childhood sexual experiences, parental relationships, peer relationships, etc. doesn't seem to effect homosexuality or heterosexuality. They don't determine it. 2. It says that the more older brothers a boy has the more likely her will be gay. Apparently with each pregnant, the maternal antibodies become stronger and may develop an atypical male brain 3. Then you may be attracted to the same sex. *Bottom Line: What causes sexual orientation is unknown

What happens to women sexually around ovulation? Can restoring testosterone in women restore diminished sexual appetite? 3. Do fluctuations in testosterone levels affect the male sex drive? 4. Do LARGE hormonal shifts over a life span have a big effect? 5. What happens to men who are castrated?

1. Women tend to fantasize about sex and wear more attractive clothing v. menstruation 2. Yes, restoring testosterone can increase sexual desire 3. No, not really 4. Yes, a person's interest in dating and sexual stimulation increases after puberty. And later in life as sexual hormones fall, desires of sex falls 5. Castrated men have little desire in sex, cause their testosterone levels greatly decrease

Sexually Transmitted Infections/Diseases: Has it increased & who is especially vulnerable? 2. Do condoms help? What are 4 predictors against sexual restraint?

1. Yes it has increased, and young women are vulnerable (14-19) 2. Condoms offer little protection against some skin-to-skin infections, but has been effective in preventing HIV (which causes AIDS) 3. High Intelligence, Religious Engagement, Father Presence, and Participation in Service Learning Programs... These people often delay having sex.

Imagined Stimuli: Can our imagination influence sexual desire? How does this work with dreams?

1. Yes, our imagination can do that to us. We're aroused by previous sexual activity and fantasy. Though men fantasize more 2. People become sexually aroused during dreams even though most have no sexual content ---Women may dreams of sex though and orgasms (wet dreams) could occur in men when orgasm hasn't occurred recently

Flow: Define. Example. What does it boost?

A completely involved, focused state of consciousness,with diminished awareness of self and time,resulting from optimal engagement of one's skills *Flow boosts self-esteem and well-being *Ex: Artist painting for hours and hours nonstop. Intrinstic motivation over the money or to impress others

Motivation: Define. Can it be observed?

A need or desire that energizes and directs behavior *Class Notes: Factors that influence the initiation, direction, intensity, and persistence of behavior ---Can't be directly observed, but can be inferred

Sexual Disorders: Define. Name a couple. How can they be treated?

A problem that consistently impairs sexual arousal or functioning *Men: Premature Ejaculation & Erectile Dysfunction (Inability to maintain or have erection *Women: Orgasmic Dysfunction (Infrequently or never experiencing orgasm) *Some lack sexual energy or arousability *They can be treated by therapy

Refractory Period: Define. Discuss Men & Women

A resting period after an orgasm, during which a man can't achieve another orgasm. This could last from minutes to a day or more. *Note: Women could have many orgasms if re-stimulated

Instinct: Define. What did folks do back in the day about instincts? What does this perspective fail to explain? What do most people believe in?

An automatic, involuntary, unlearned complex behavior that is rigidly patterned throughout a species *Ex: Infants reflexes for innate sucking and *People back in the day just named a bunch of instincts, which didn't explain the behavior *This perspective fails to explain human motive and most believe that behavior is directed by physiological and psychological needs

Bulimia Nervosa

An eating disorder characterized by episodes of overeating, usually high-cal food,followed by vomiting, laxative use, fasting, or excessive exercise

Anorexia Nervosa

An eating disorder in which a person (usually a young girl) diets and becomes very (15% or more) underweight, yet, still feeling fat, continues to starve *Causes depression and low self-esteem

Sexual Orientation: Define.How do people feel about homosexuality? Heterosexuality? What are homosexual relationships like? What percent of population is gay?

An enduring sexual attraction toward members of either's one own sex (homosexual) or the other sex (heterosexual orientation) *Feelings on homosexuality depends on the culture, but heterosexuality is what has prevailed *Homosexuals have similar friends and partnerships has straight people. They didn't realize it til after puberty *About 3-4% of men & 1-2% of women are gay

Arousal Theory: What is arousal? What does it focus on? How are behaviors motivated? Examples? What happens when we lack stimulation?

Arousal: General level of activation (level of activity in the brain or sensory stimulation) *Focuses on finding the right level of stimulation *Behaviors motivated by increasing arousal (curiosity, awakeness) when there's an absence of a need-based drive *Ex: Animals will leave shelter just to explore. Monkeys will monkey around to figure out how to unlock their cage *Ex: Arousal drives a little one to explore the house *Lacking stimulation, we feel bored and look for a way to increase arousal

Binge-Eating Disorder

Big binge-eating episodes, followed by distress, disgust, or guilt but without purging (vomiting or laxative use), fasting, or excessive exercise that marks bulimia

What is homosexuality based on (origins)?

Biological factors like differing brain centers, genetic & prenatal hormone exposure rather than environment factors

What are the 2 effects of sex hormones?

Direct physical development of male and female sex characteristics and activate sexual behavior (especially in animals)

The Psych of Sex: Its influenced by what 2 kinds of stimuli?

External & Imagined stimuli

Task Leadership: Define. What kind of style is this? Does it work well?

Goal-oriented leadership that sets standards, organizes work,and focuses attention on goals *Use they have a directive style, which works well when they're bright enough to give good orders

Social Leadership: Define. What kind of style is this? Why do employees feel more motivated & perform better with this?

Group-oriented leadership that builds teamwork, mediates conflict, and offers support *Usually have a democratic style: they delegate authority and welcome participation of team members *Employees feel more motivated and perform better when they can participate in decision making

Obesity: What is fat? What may happen to the brain? How many people are obese worldwide? How has obesity increase for adults, children, and teens? What does obesity increase risks for?

It's a form of stored energy reserved to carry the body through periods when food is scarce *Brain may be slower to realize satiety, brain is less sensitive to leptin, and genetic predisposition *Worldwide- 1 billion people are obese and 300 mil are clinically obese (BMI of 30+) *Adult Obesity has doubled and child-teen obesity has quadrupled *Obesity increases risks for diabetes, high blood pressure, heart disease, certain types of cancer. gallstones, and arthritis

Hierarchy of Needs: Define. Explain this idea (Like what do you need to complete). Describe each level of the pyramid

Maslow's pyramid of human needs, beginning with the base of physiological needs that first must be satisfied before higher-level safety and psychological needs become active *In other words, some needs take priority over others. You need to complete some needs (such as thirst) before higher-level needs *Pyramid: 1.Physiological Needs (Satisfy Hunger, Thirst), 2.Safety Needs (Need to feel world is organized and predictable) 3. Belonging and Love Needs (Need to love and be loved. Belong and be accepted. Avoid loneliness and separation) 4. Esteem (Self-esteem, achievement and recognition and respect from others) 5. Self-Actualization (Need to live up to our fullest and unique potential) 6. Self-Transcendence (Need to find meaning and identity beyond self)

Incentives: Define. Do these influence our motives? Example? What happens when there is a need and an incentive?

Positive or negative stimuli that lure or repel us *Incentives influence our motives *Ex: The sight of something attractive (food) or threatening (gun) can motivate our behavior *When there is both a need and an incentive we feel strongly driven

Estrogen

Sex hormones, such as estradiol, secreted in greater amounts by females and contributes to female sex characteristics *In non-human female animals, estrogen levels peak during ovulation,promoting sexual receptivity

Industrial-Organizational (I/O) Psychology: Define. Example?

The application of psychological concepts and methods to optimizing human behavior in work places *Human Factor Psychology- Explores how machines and environments can me designed to fit human abilities

Testosterone

The most important of the male sex hormones. Both males and females have it, but the additional testosterone in males stimulates the growth of male sex organs and development of male sex characteristics

What happens when an overweight person's body drops below its previous set point? Why doesn't reducing your food intake also result in lost weight? Who would eat more calories: the formerly overweight or the never overweight?

Their hunger increases and their metabolism rate decreases *This is why reducing your food intake by 3500 calories may not reduce your weight by one pound. Your body reacts like your being starved and it increases your hunger & decreases your metabolism *The never overweight would eat more. The formerly overweight needs fewer calories to maintain that weight

Describe the World Health Organization Anti-Obesity Charter

They want to reduce the advertising fatty, sugary foods to kids and increase availability of healthy foods and roadways that promotes walking and cycling *They also want to establish a fast food tax and make school zones fast food free