Chapter 11 PSY 311

Joseph was on the subway when he noticed a man lying slumped over on the seat. Joseph looked around at the other passengers, who seemed calm and unconcerned. Joseph concluded that the man was probably okay. However, the other passengers may have been looking around at Joseph, to see how he reacted. This would be an example of

pluralistic ignorance

If you are in an emergency situation and need help, which of the following statements to a bystander is most likely to get you the help you need?

"You in the red sweater-call 911!"

Which of the following is not one of the three reasons why being in a good mood would make someone more likely to help another person?

Being in a good mood increases empathy.

If the urban overload hypothesis (Milgram, 1970) is true, ________ to help a fallen pedestrian on the streets of New York City because ________.

Ellen would not be likely; she tries to keep to herself amid all the stimulation

A woman has just been in a car accident and needs someone to get her out of her car. A man has AIDS and needs someone to take him to the hospital for ongoing treatments. According to the research on gender differences in prosocial behavior, which of the following is most likely to be true?

John is more likely to help the woman; Karen is more likely to help the man.

Sarah is excellent at the backstroke, and she is preparing for an important swimming competition. She has just been asked to help somebody improve on the backstroke. Based on the tenets of self-esteem maintenance theory, she will be most likely to help

Katherine, a new team member

Which of the following is the best example of altruistic behavior?

Robert anonymously donates a kidney to a twenty-year-old accident victim he will never meet.

When viewing a commercial for a local charity, who would be the most likely to later contribute to the charity?

Sarah, who has lived in the community for her entire life

Social exchange theory would have the most trouble explaining which of the following helping situations?

Theo calmly walks into heavy traffic to rescue a stranger who collapsed in the crosswalk.

Altruism

the desire to help another person even if it involves a cost to the helper

Prosocial Behavior

any act performed with the goal of benefiting another person

Out-group

any group with which an individual does not identify

According to the bystander effect (Latané & Darley, 1970), if you just witnessed a mugging, you will be most likely to call for help if you

are the sole witness

You know that Susan is a very helpful person. She spends many hours each week volunteering at a local homeless shelter, she donates a lot of money to charities, and she is always the first person to volunteer to organize something when your group of friends wants to get together. According to the research on the altruistic personality, you ________ that Susan would help carry a neighbor's groceries if the situation arose because ________.

cannot be sure; personality is not necessarily the most reliable predictor of prosocial behavior

Juanita sees a crowd of people gathered around a man lying on the ground. She thinks about whether to call an ambulance, but then reasons that somebody else has probably already done so. This is an example of

diffusion of responsiblity

Jim dives into the water to help his drowning sister; Ivan dives into the water to help a total stranger because he wanted to impress his new girlfriend and is a trained lifeguard. Jim's motive to help is best explained by ________, while Ivan's motive to help is best explained by ________.

evolutionary theory; social exchange theory

In the grocery store one evening, Yolanda is in a good mood after earning a promotion at work, but Trudy is feeling quite guilty for stealing office supplies from work. When another shopper collapses on the ground unconscious, Yolanda would be likely to help according to the ________, while Trudy would be likely to help according to the ________.

feel good, do good effect; feel bad, do good effect

A giant tornado is bearing down on Dorothy's farmhouse. She only has time to help one other resident. Based on research regarding kin selection, whom will Dorothy take with her to the storm cellar?

her sister, Glenda

A(n) ________ is a group with which individuals identify and of which they feel they are members.

in-group

When other bystanders are present, people are less likely to interpret an event as an emergency. ________ best explains why this is so.

informational social influence

In explaining the process by which kin selection works to encourage altruism, evolutionary psychologists would argue that

over millennia, genes of those who follow the "biological importance" rule will survive.

The "feel good, do good" effect in studies of prosocial behavior refers to the idea that

people in a good mood are more likely to help.

________ refers to any act that someone performs in order to benefit another person.

prosocial behavior

Helping in exchange relationships is based on ________, whereas helping in communal relationships is based on ________.

reciprocity; need

According to Latané and Darley (1970), a number of things must occur before witnesses decide to intervene in an emergency situation. According to this stage model, diffusion of responsibility is most likely to affect witnesses'

sense of obligation to intervene

Although George wants to help a stranded motorist he passed on the freeway, he passes by because he knows it would take too much time out of his busy schedule. What theory offers the best explanation as to why George did not help?

social exchange

Empathy

the ability to put oneself in the shoes of another person and to experience events and emotions the way that person experiences them

Pluralistic Ignorance

the case in which people think that everyone else interpreting a situation in a certain way, when in fact they are not

Every morning at the bus stop, Carlos encounters an old woman begging for change. She is clearly hungry and alone. Because Carlos feels very bad for this woman and can "feel her pain," he makes a point of giving her some change each morning that he sees her. Which theoretical approach best explains Carlos's behavior?

the empathy-altruism hypothesis

The basic tenet of ________ is that when we feel empathy for another person's plight, we will help that person regardless of what we may stand to gain.

the empathy-altruism hypothesis

Norm of Reciprocity

the expectation that helping others will increase the likelihood that they will help us in the future

Bystander Effect

the finding that the greater the # of bystanders who witness an emergency, the less likely any one of them is to help

In-Group

the group with which an individual identifies as a member

Kin Selection

the idea that behaviors that help a genetic relative are favored by natural selection

Empathy-Altruism Hypothesis

the idea that when we feel empathy for a person, we will attempt to help that person for purely altruistic reasons, regardless of what we have to gain

One consequence of living by the Golden Rule, "Do unto others as you would have them do unto you," is that if you help those in need, they might return the favor someday. This idea is best represented by

the norm of reciproicty

Diffusion of Responsibility

the phenomenon where in each bystander's sense of responsibility to help decrease as the number of witnesses increases

Altruistic Personality

the qualities that cause an individual to help others in a wide variety of situations

Pluralistic ignorance is most likely to discourage intervention in an emergency when

the situation is ambiguous

Even if it is clear that a person needs help, that you are the person responsible to help, and that you know how to help, you might still decide not to help. Reasons that people do not help in such cases include all of the following except

the situation isn't an emergency, and the Latané and Darley model isn't applicable.

Urban Overload Hypothesis

the theory that people living in cities are constantly bombarded with stimulation & that they keep to themselves to avoid being overwhelmed by it

In order to best predict whether people will help another person, it is best to know something about ________ and ________.

their personality; the particular situation in question