Chapter 11: Sex and Gender

Does gender have a sociological significance? If so, what?

Yes, gender does have a sociological significance: it is a device by which society controls its members; it gives different life experiences; and it opens and closes doors to property, power, and prestige.

Most rape victims are aged __________. a. 15 to 24 b. 25 to 34 c. 50 to 64 d. 65 and older

a. 15 to 24

__________ is the country that comes closest to political equality between the sexes. a. Rwanda b. Russia c. Canada d. The United States

a. Rwanda

The goals of the second wave of feminism __________. a. are still continuing b. have been met c. mainly concerned voting d. are captured in the "Dick and Jane" readers

a. are still continuing

The unequal access of males and females to property, power, and prestige is referred to as __________. a. gender stratification b. sex c. gender d. secondary sex characteristics

a. gender stratification

In contemporary Iran, when a woman's parents die, the woman __________. a. gets just half the inheritance her brother gets b. gets twice the inheritance her brother gets c. can inherit nothing d. inherits the parents' debts

a. gets just half the inheritance her brother gets

No matter what the activity, it is given __________ prestige if it is considered women's work. a. less b. greater c. no d. all available

a. less

In the United States, most killers are __________, and their victims are primarily __________. a. men; men b. men; women c. women; women d. women; men

a. men; men

Gail, as a female, is statistically more likely to get a doctorate in __________ than in __________. a. psychology; engineering b. physical sciences; biological sciences c. engineering; psychology d. computer sciences; engineering

a. psychology; engineering

The abuse of one's position of authority to force unwanted sexual demands on someone is known as __________. a. sexual harassment b. sexual orientation c. unfortunate but legal d. the glass ceiling

a. sexual harassment

We can see from Murdock's classic cross-cultural study that __________. a. when women and men are assigned different types of work, it is not really because of any biological difference b. women in the developing world never work in construction c. biology itself is what requires men and women to be assigned different work d. hunting was an exclusively male activity

a. when women and men are assigned different types of work, it is not really because of any biological difference

The first Latina was sworn into the U.S. Senate in __________. a. 2012 b. 2017 c. 1992 d. 2001

b. 2017

__________ of the gender pay gap is due to career choices. a. Exactly half b. A portion c. None d. No one knows if any

b. A portion

Which statement about gender inequality in health care is true? a. It has manifested itself as intentional sexism in heart surgery. b. It has manifested itself as unintentional sexism in heart surgery. c. It does not exist. d. Women's health is receiving less emphasis today than in the past.

b. It has manifested itself as unintentional sexism in heart surgery.

__________ refers to the biological characteristics that distinguish females and males. a. Gender b. Sex c. Gender stratification d. Nurture

b. Sex

Since 1789, about __________ men have served in the U.S. Senate; during the same period, __________ women have done so. a. 300; 11 b. 500; 27 c. 1,000; 30 d. 2,000; 45

d. 2,000; 45

To give an idea of the scope of date rape, approximately __________ college women were victims of sexual assault within the past three years. a. 10,000 b. 100,000 c. 250,000 d. 500,000

d. 500,000

Which of the following statements is true? a. Few of those victimized by rape are acquainted with the perpetrator. b. Rape does not occur on college campuses. c. Only strangers commit sexual assault. d. Most of those victimized by rape are acquainted with the perpetrator.

d. Most of those victimized by rape are acquainted with the perpetrator.

How many categories of gender does Facebook offer? a. two b. five c. ten d. over forty

d. Over forty

A focus on less industrialized nations is characteristic of __________ feminism. a. the first wave of b. the second wave of c. the third wave of d. all waves of

c. the third wave of

According to UNESCO (2015), about __________ of illiterate adults in the world are women. a. one-fourth b. one-half c. two-thirds d. nine-tenths

c. two-thirds

Today, women are paid about 74 percent of what men are paid. What are some of the reasons?

Gender discrimination and career choices are among the reasons, including that women are more likely to choose lower-paying jobs, such as teaching grade school; men are more likely to go into better-paying fields, such as business and engineering; and the child penalty (women missing out on work experience and opportunities while they care for children).

What is girlie feminism? Which wave of feminism does it fit into?

Girlie feminism is part of the third wave of feminism. It declares that the battle for equality is won and moves on to enjoy the "pink things" of childhood, that its focus includes self-fulfillment and sexual pleasure, and that it is okay to use sexual attractiveness and seductiveness to get ahead at work.

Because there are more females than males, how can females be considered a minority group?

The term "minority group" refers to people who are discriminated against, regardless of their number. In some cases (e.g., women), the minority group is actually the majority in number.

Hannah Bowles (2012) interviewed fifty women who had reached top positions in their companies. She found five things that these people did to break the glass ceiling. What were the five things?

They (1) had a great deal of confidence in their abilities; (2) set goals for themselves and measured their progress; (3) promoted themselves; (4) identified gatekeepers to advancement and made themselves noticeable; and (5) identified a need, sold management on it, and successfully met that need. Learning Objective: LO 11.4 Explain reasons for the pay gap, and discuss the glass ceiling and sexual harassment.

Louise, a lesbian woman, feels she has been sexually harassed at work. She is concerned sexual harassment laws may not cover her situation because the perpetrator in her situation is a heterosexual female. As she investigates further, she learns that legally __________. a. sexual harassment only applies to opposite-sex situations when both parties are heterosexual b. a heterosexual harassing a homosexual does constitute sexual harassment c. a heterosexual harassing a homosexual does not constitute sexual harassment d. sexual harassment only applies to same-sex situations when both parties have the same sexual preference

b. a heterosexual harassing a homosexual does constitute sexual harassment

A gender gap in pay occurs in __________. a. the West exclusively b. all industrialized nations c. the East exclusively d. some but not all industrialized nations

b. all industrialized nations

One potentially effective step in closing the pay gap that women can take immediately is to __________. a. threaten the employer b. ask for a large raise c. quit d. ask for a modest raise

b. ask for a large raise

The "Dick and Jane" readers __________. a. were gender-neutral b. conveyed the idea that women were destined to be mothers and men's companions c. were declared illegal in the early 1960s d. promoted feminist ideas

b. conveyed the idea that women were destined to be mothers and men's companions

What is the origin of patriarchy, according to one theory? a. tradition b. human reproduction c. democracy d. religious texts

b. human reproduction

In societies such as Afghanistan, India, and Jordan, a woman thought to have brought disgrace on her family may be __________. a. condemned to go without speaking for a year b. killed by a male relative in a so-called honor killing c. asked to emigrate abroad d. forbidden to marry

b. killed by a male relative in a so-called honor killing

According to one theory, patriarchy stems from __________. a. sexuality b. physical strength and fighting c. a historic battle of the sexes d. trial and error

b. physical strength and fighting

Sociologists try to determine how __________ affect(s) __________. a. biology; social factors b. social factors; biology c. sex; gender d. primary sex characteristics; biology

b. social factors; biology

Sarah was involved in the first wave of feminism. She was thrilled when women got the vote, which is the goal she had sought. Sarah was part of the __________. a. radical branch of the first wave b. conservative branch of the first wave c. losing branch of the women's movement d. the focused branch, as it is known, of the women's movement

b. the conservative branch of the first wave

An example of surgical sexism is __________. a. the real danger of cancer b. unnecessary hysterectomies c. remaining neutral as to the need for hysterectomies d. refusing to perform hysterectomies that are necessary

b. unnecessary hysterectomies

Today, about how many women serve in the U.S. House of Representatives and the U.S. Senate? a. 5 b. 55 c. 105 d. 205

c. 105

The current trend that women outnumber men in college began in __________. a. 1940 b. 1960 c. 1980 d. 2000

c. 1980

In ancient hunter-gatherer societies, it is thought that women contributed about __________ of the group's total food. a. 10 percent b. 30 percent c. 60 percent d. 90 percent

c. 60 percent

Which of the following statements about rape is true? a. The rate of rape in the United States has tripled since 1990. b. The rate of rape in the United States has doubled since 1990. c. A fear of rape among U.S. women is well founded. d. Rape has been virtually eliminated.

c. A fear of rape among U.S. women is well founded.

__________ holds that men and women should be equal on all social, economic, and political levels in society. a. Sexism b. Gender tracking c. Feminism d. Suffragism

c. Feminism

Which statement about female circumcision is accurate? a. It is legal in all African countries. b. It is practiced in societies controlled by women. c. It is practiced in societies controlled by men. d. It is banned by all hospitals.

c. It is practiced in societies controlled by men.

Today, __________ can be found guilty of sexual harassment. a. virtually no one b. only men c. both men and women d. only women

c. both men and women

Common insults in the military, sports, and everyday life use __________ terms to describe __________. a. feminine; women b. masculine; men c. feminine; men d. endearing; women

c. feminine; men

The "testosterone bonus" means that, on average, employers start men out at __________ salaries than women, and __________ catch up. a. lower; men soon b. higher; women soon c. higher; women never d. lower; men never

c. higher; women never

From 1970 to 2014, the number of women physicians __________. a. grew to the point where a quarter of all physicians are now women b. increased to the point where most medical doctors are now women c. increased so much that now almost half of physicians are women d. decreased to half the number of what it once was

c. increased so much that now almost half of physicians are women

In each passing year of graduate school, the proportion of men __________. a. declines b. stays the same c. increases d. decreases in the sciences

c. increases

In a patriarchy, who has the authority? a. democratically elected leaders b. women c. men d. everyone

c. men

The percentage of women in the work force __________. a. is equal from state to state b. is higher in Texas than in Vermont c. peaks at about 67 percent in North Dakota d. peaks at about 54 percent in Alabama

c. peaks at about 70 percent in North Dakota

A vagina, a penis, and other reproductive organs make up the __________. a. secondary sex characteristics b. sociological significance of gender c. primary sex characteristics d. tertiary sex characteristics

c. primary sex characteristics

The __________ of women has led to affirmative action for men in some U.S. colleges. a. declining enrollment b. equal enrollment c. soaring enrollment d. gender tracking

c. soaring enrollment

Women's fuller participation in the decision-making processes of social institutions has __________. a. worsened stereotypes b. pushed males into "masculine" activities c. caused the distinction between the sexes to disappear d. allowed us to glimpse what our lives can be like when gender equality is simply a given

d. allowed us to glimpse what our lives can be like when gender equality is simply a given

The behaviors and attitudes that a society considers proper for its males and females are known as __________. a. primary sex characteristics b. sex c. gender stratification d. gender

d. gender

Female voters __________ male voters. a. are greatly outnumbered by b. are slightly outnumbered by c. are about the same in number as d. greatly outnumber

d. greatly outnumber

From Murdock's 1937 cross-cultural survey of 324 societies, __________. a. men's work was defined the same everywhere b. most countries did not distinguish men's work and women's work c. women's work was defined the same everywhere d. only metalwork was universally thought to be men's work

d. only metalwork was universally thought to be men's work

In the U.S. labor force, the number of women is about one in __________. a. five b. four c. three d. two

d. two