Chapter 11 - Skin, Hair, and Nails
onycholysis
Separation of the nail plate from the nail bed
seborrheic dermatitis
Skin condition caused by an inflammation of the sebaceous glands. Often characterized by inflammatio, dry or oily scaling, or crusting and/or itchiness.known as craddle cap in infants
secondary lesions
Skin condition or changes to the skin that occurs following a primary lesion
scar
Skin mark left after healing of wound or lesion, represents replacement by connective tissue, can be young- red or purple, or mature- white or glistening (ie: healed wound)
melanin
Skin pigment produced in the melanocytes in the stratum basale.
pediculosis capitis
Small parasitic insects that live on the scalp and neck, often called head lice
alopecia areata
Sudden patchy or complete loss of body hair for unknown cause. Occurs most often on scalp although it may occur over the entire body.
wheal
Superficial, raised, transiet, and erythematous; slightly irregular shape due to edema (fluid in the tissue) Ex: mosquito bite, allergic reaction, dermographism
clubbing
The abnormal widening and thickening of the ends of the fingers and toes associated with chronic oxygen deficiency. Seen in patients with chronic respiratory conditions or circulatory problems.
primary lesions
The initial lesion of a disease.
epidermis
The outer layer of skin on the body
alopecia areata
The sudden falling out of hair in round patches or baldness in spots there is no known cause
tinea capitis
The type of fungal infection characterized by red papules at the opening of the hair follicles is highly contagious fungal disease transmitted from the soil animals or person to person
nails
Thin plates of keratinized epidermial cells that shield the distal ends of the fingers and toes.
terminal hair
Dark, coarse, long hair tat appears on eyebrows, the scalp, and the pubic region
crust
Dead cells that form over a wound or blemish while it is healing; an accumulation of sebum and pus, sometimes mixed with epidermal material. examples scabs following and abrasion
Mongolian spots
Gray, blue, or purple spots in the sacral and buttocks areas of newborns that fade during the first year of life.
milia
Harmles skin markings on newborns; areas of tiny white facial papules due to sebum that collects in the openings of hiar follicles.
pruritus
Itching, usually due to dry skin, that may increase with age.
hypodermis
A cellular layer of subcutaneous tissue consisting of loose connective tissue. Stores approximately half of the body's fat cells, cushions the body against trauma, insulates the body from heat loss, and stores fat for energy.
vernix caseosa
A cheesy white substance that coats the skin at birth
linea nigra
A dark line running from the umbilicus to the pubic area; increased pigmentation of the areolae and nipples.
keratin
A fibrous protein that gives the epidermis its tough, protective qualities.
lanugo
A fine, downy fine hair in newborns that is most prominent on the upper chest, shoulders, and back.
cuticle
A fold of epidermal skin along the base of the nail that protects the root and sides of each nail.
dermis
A layer of connective tissue that lies just below the epidermis
lunula
A moon-shaped crescent that appears on the nail body over the thickened nail matrix.
vitiligo
A skin condition identified by patchy, depigmented skin over various areas of the body
chloasma
A skin condition that develops during pregnancy resulting in hyperpigmented patches on the face. Also referred to as melasma, gravidum, or "the mask of pregnancy"
hair
A thin, flexible, elongated fiber composed of dead, keratinixed cells that grow out in a columnar fashion.
edema
An increased accumulation of fluid in a dependent part that is caused by an accumulation of fluid in the intercellular spaces.
paronychia
An inflammation of the cuticle, sometimes caused by infection
contact dermatits
An inflammatory skin condition caused by contact with a substance or chemical. Occupational disorders from ingredients in cosmetic and chemical solutions can cause contact dermatits, or "dermatits venenata"
ecchymosis
Bruising resulting from the escape of blood from a ruptured blood vessel into the tissues.
sebaceous glands
Oil glands that secrete sebum, an oily secretion, which generally is released into hair follicles
vellus hair
Pale, fine, short hair that appears over the entire body except for the lips, nipples, palms of hands, soles of feet, and parts of external genitals
herpes simplex
VIRUS CAUSED BY HUMAN HERPESVIRUS 1 AND 2, CHARACTERIZED BY SMALL BLISTERS WHOSE LOCATION DEPENDS ON THE TYPE OF VIRUS. TYPE 2 RESULTS IN BLISTERS ON THE GENITAL AREA, WHILE TYPE 1 RESULTS IN NON GENITAL AREAS.
dandruff
White or gray dead scaly skin flakes of epidermal cells.
ulcer
a deep loss of skin surface that may extend into the dermis; may cause periodic bleeding and the formation of scars
venous lake
a flat blue lesion with radiating, cascading or linear veins extending from the center. size 3-25 cm most on anterior chest and lower legs near varicose veins cause increased intravenous pressure in superficial veins.
ecchymosis
a flat irregularly shaped lesion of varying size with no pulsation. it does not blanch. in light skin clients starts as a bluish purple mark that changes to a greenish yellow. in brown skin it varies from blue to deep purple. occurs anywhere on the body at the site of trauma or pressure cause release of blood from superficial vessels into the surrounding tissue due to trauma,liver disease or deficiency of vitamin c or k
spider angioma
a flat, bright red dot with tiny radiating blood vessels ranging in size from a pinpoint to 2 cm, it blanches with pressure, most commly found on upper half of body cause is a type of telangiectasis , vascular dilation caused by elevated estrogen levels, pregnancy, estrogen therapy, vit b deficiency or liver disease
impetigo
a highly contagious, bacterial skin inflammation marked by pustules that rupture and become crusted, most often around the mouth and nostrils
basal cell carcinoma
a malignant tumor of the basal cell layer of the epidermis; this is the most common and least harmful type of skin cancer because it is slow growing and rarely spreads to other parts of the body lesion is rounded pearly edges
port wine stain
a port wine stain is a flat, irregularly shaped lesion ranging in color from red to deep purple -red. color deepens with exertion, emotional response, or exposure to extremes of temperature. it is present at birth and typically dose not fade. most commonly appears on the dace and head cause is a large flat mass of blood vessels on the skin surface
hematoma
a raised irregularly shaped lesion similar to an ecchymosis except that it elevates the skin and looks like a swelling. can occur anywhere on the body at the site of trauma, cause a leakage of blood into the skin and subcutaneous tissue
eczema
chronic skin inflammation internally provoked characterized by erythema, papules, vesicles, pustules, scales, crusts, scabs, and possibly itching lesions are usually on the scalp, face. elbows, knees, forearms, torso and wrists
annular
circular shape to skin lesion example tinea corporis
spoon nails
concavity and thinning of the nails congenital conformity
discrete
distinct, individual lesions that remain separate example molluscrum
atrophy
dry, paper like sometimes wrinkled skin surface resulting from thinning or wasting of the skin due to loss of collagen and elastin ex aged skin
papule and plaque
elevated, solid palpable masses with a circumscribed boarder papules are smaller than .5 cm plaque are groups of papule that form lesions larger than .5 cm
cyst
encapsulated fluid-filled cavity in dermis or subcutaneous layer, tensely elevating skin usually 1 cm or larger . ex: sebaceous cyst,
furuncle/abscess
infected hair follicles give rise to furuncle hard, erythematous pus-filled lesions abscesses are cause dby bacteria entering hte skin larger lesions are furuncles
folliculitis
inflammation reaction in the hair follicles; generally with small pustules associated with each individual hair shaft.
kaposi's sacroma
is a malignant tumor of the epidermis and internal epithelial tissues. lesions are typically soft, blue to purple, and painless. usualy common in people with HIV
psoriasis
itching; a chronic, recurrent skin disease marked by silvery scales covering red patches, papules, and/or plaques on the skin that result from overproduction and thickening of skin cells; common sites of involvement are the elbows, knees, genitals, arms, legs, scalp, and nails
linear lesions
lesions that appear as a line ex: scratches
grouped
lesions that appear in clusters ex. purpural lesion
target
lesions with concentric circles of color example erythrma mulitforme
gyrate
lessions that are Twisted, coil spiral, snakelike
zosteriform
linear arrangement along a unilateral nerve route herpes zoster
fissure
linear crack with abrupt edges, extends into dermis, dry or moist. ex: cheilosis- at corners of mouth due to excess moisture; athlete's foot
malignant melanoma
most serious form of skin cancer and least common; often characterized by black or dark brown patches on the skin that may uneven in texture, jagged or raised.
confluent
skin lesions that run together urticaria
pustule
small circumscribed elevation of the skin containing pus examples= acne, impetigo
onycholysis
the loosening of the nail without shedding, usually beginning at the free edge and continuing to the lunula
hirsutism
the presence of excessive body and facial hair in women, usually occurring in a male pattern
erosion
the process of wearing away of the superficial epidermis, causing a moist, shallow depression. heal without scaring ex= scratch marks
lichenification
thickening and roughening of the skin; accentuated skin markings; may be secondary to repeated rubbing, irritation, scratching
beau's line
trauma or illness affecting the nail formation; linear depression develops at the base and moves distally as the nail grows
squamous cell carcinoma
type of skin cancer more serious than basal cell carcinoma; often characterized by scaly red papules or nodules comely found on the scalp ears backs of hands and lower lip
herpes zoster
viral disease affecting the peripheral nerves, characterized by painful blisters that spread over the skin following the affected nerves, usually unilateral; also known as shingles. more sever in older adults
vesicle and bulla
Elevated ,fluid-filled ,round or oval shaped ,palpable masses with thin ,translucent walls and circumscribed borders.Vesicles are smaller than 0.5cm;bulae are larger than 0.5cm.Ex.Ves.:herpes simplex /zoster,early chickenpox,poison ivy,and a small burn blisters.Bull.:contact dermatitis,friction blisters,and large burn blisters.
tinea
Fungal infection of the skin; tinea corporis ringworm and tinea pedis athlete's foot are examples.lesions can be paples, pustules, vesicles, or scales
apocrine glands
Glands in the axillary and anogenital regions that are dormant until the onset of puberty and produce a secretion made up of water, salts, fatty acids, and proteins, which is released into hair follicles.
eccrine glands
Glands that produce a clear perspiration mostly made up of water and salts, which they release into funnel-shaped pores at the skin surface.
nodule and tumor
Primary lesion Elevated, solid, hard or soft palpable masses extending deeper into the dermis than a papule or plaque. Nodules have circumscribed borders and are 0.5 to 2cm. Tumors are larger than 2cm and have irregular borders. Examples Nodule: small lipoma, squamous cell carcinoma, fibroma, intradermal nevi Tumor: large lipoma, carcinoma, hemangioma
diaphoresis
Profuse perspiration or sweating that may occur during exertion, fever, pain, and emotional stress and in the presence of some metabolic disorders such as hyperthyroidism.
measles
an acute and highly contagious viral disease marked by distinct red spots followed by a rash of red purple macules or papules, rash starts on the face and the moves down body occurs mostly in children
keloid
an enlarged, irregularly shaped, and elevated scar that forms due to the presence of large amounts of collagen during the formation of the scar
polycyclic
annular lesions grown together example lichen planus, psoriasis
paronychia
bacterial inflammation of the tissues surrounding the nail; pus is usually present also a gradual thickening and brownish discoloration of the nail plate
splinter hemorrhage
can occur as a result of trauma or in endocarditis; appear as reddish brown spots in the nail
chickenpox
caused by the herpies virus varicella zoster; characterized by fever and an itchy rash that eventually forms crusted scabs
scales
flakes or dry patches made up of excess dead epidermal cells. color may be white, gray or silver Excess shedding is associated with psoriasis, dry skin and eczema
macule and patch
flat non palpable changes in the skin color. macules are smaller than 1 cm with a circumscribed border. patches are larger than 1 cm and have an irregular border EX. macules freckles, measles patches= Mongolian spots, port wine stains
purpura
flat reddish blue, irregularly shaped extensive patches of varying size may appear any wear on the body but most noticeable on legs are and backs of hands. cause is bleeding disorders, scurvy and capillary fragility in the older adult
petechiae
flat, red or purple rounded freckles 1-3 cm in diameter. do not blanch mostly on the back and buttocks. clients with dark skin can be seen on the oral mucosa and conjunctiva cased by minute hemorrhages from fragile capillaries., liver disease or vitamin c or k deficiency