Chapter 11 Smart Book

According to Erikson, when adults work to leave a legacy of themselves to the next generation, they are working toward

generativity.

Forty-year-old Maritska wishes to establish a pediatric AIDS foundation overseas. According to Erikson, she is focused on establishing a sense of

generativity.

A person's identity is composed of all of the following EXCEPT their:

genetic profile.

Select all the consequences of low self-esteem in adolescence that may show in adulthood.

high levels of anxiety lower life satisfaction overweight

According to new research findings, young children are _____ (more/less) psychologically aware of themselves and others than once believed.

more

During middle and late childhood, children's self-understanding becomes ______ complex.

more

Compared with what was previously thought, research now shows that young children are:

more psychologically aware of themselves and others.

According to contemporary identity theorists, decisions ______ during the process of identity development.

must be made again and again

According to Levinson, the twenties is the ______ phase of adult development.

novice

Teresa has always tried to look at the cup as half full. She has made ______ her personal style of thinking.

optimism

Having a positive outlook on the future and minimizing problems is a definition of the term:

optimism.

Young children are overly ______ in their self-descriptions.

optimistic

At what age do children develop the ability to use psychological traits to describe themselves and others?

4-5 years

Which child has most likely developed an attitude of skepticism due to an understanding that others do not always give true statements?

4-year-old Kaylee, regarding her friend's excuses

According to Levinson, a person between the ages of 28 and 33 is faced with which of the following tasks?

determining life goals

"I am a good person" is a statement that refers to a person's self- _____ (concept/esteem). "I am a good football player" is a statement that refers to a person's self- _____ (concept/esteem).

esteem, concept

Most researchers use ______ to refer to the period of identity development during which an adolescent chooses among meaningful alternatives

exploration

The adolescent's self-understanding ______ across situations and across time.

fluctuates

The developmental concept of self-_____ is defined as the child's cognitive representation of self, or the substance and content of the child's self-conceptions.

understanding

Studying the self in infancy is difficult because infants cannot ______ express themselves.

verbally

According to Erikson, what causes people to feel stagnation in life?

when they believe they have done nothing for the next generation

According to Levinson, which of the following ages most closely corresponds to the point in adulthood when a person enters the phase of Becoming One's Own Man (BOOM)?

38

Which of the following are methods of helping a child develop social interaction and relationships? (Select all that apply)

Acknowledge shared intentions Talk with a child about emotions Applaud the child's accomplishments

Which of the following is NOT a quality that differentiates an adolescent's self-understanding from that of a child?

Active description

Which of the following are main characteristics of self-understanding in children? (Select all that apply)

Active descriptions Confusion of self, mind, and body Unrealistic positive overestimations Concrete descriptions Physical descriptions

What were the findings of a New Zealand study that assessed individuals' self-esteem during adolescence and their adjustment in adulthood (at age 26)?

Adults who experienced adjustment difficulties had lower self-esteem in adolescence than their successful counterparts.

Which theorist is most associated with selective optimization with compensation theory?

Baltes

Based on Levinson's work, which of the following is NOT a major conflict that an adult male must come to grips with during the transition to middle adulthood?

Being ambitious versus being satisfied with life as it stands

According to Levinson, how long does the transition to middle adulthood last?

Five years

Which statements are true about the social sensitivity and/or egocentrism of young children? (Choose every correct answer.)

Children are more socially sensitive and perceptive than previously envisioned. Talking about internal states can help young children understand them.

What two executive functions are most called on when children engage in perspective taking?

Cognitive flexibility Cognitive inhibition

The promotion of which two of the following in a family atmosphere are important for an adolescent's identity development?

Connectedness Individuality

Which of the following are characteristics that children younger than 5 or 6 years old would use when describing the differences between themselves and a friend? (Select all that apply)

Hair color Height

Self-esteem is most related to which of the following?

Happiness

What is the term given by Erikson to the fifth stage of development, experienced during adolescence?

Identity versus identity confusion

Which of the following is true of correlational research?

It does not establish causation.

Who among the following is associated with The Seasons of a Man's Life?

Levinson

_____ characteristics such as introversion or extroversion are present in most individuals and are stable throughout the life span.

Personality

What is defined as the ability to understand or be sympathetic to another person?

Perspective taking

Which of the following refers to what individuals might become, what they would like to become, and what they are afraid of becoming?

Possible selves

What determines identity foreclosure?

Presence of a commitment but not a crisis

What defines identity moratorium?

Presence of a crisis but not of a commitment

What defines identity achievement?

Presence of both a crisis and a commitment

Which of the following are among the major personality theories? (Choose every correct answer.)

Psychoanalytic theories Social cognitive theory

Which of the following, often considered a central aspect of an individual's personality, lends an integrative dimension to our understanding of different personality characteristics?

Self

Which of the following is NOT one of the highly studied aspects of the self?

Self-help

Which of the following aspects of social understanding increases during middle and late childhood?

Taking the perspective of others

Which of the following is NOT a belief attributed to the contemporary life-events approach?

The stress of life events alone influences a person's development.

Children use unrealistic positive overestimations because of which of the following? (Select all that apply)

They cannot tell the difference in an ideal self and a real self. They have difficulty differentiating their desired and actual competence. They rarely engage in social comparison at this point.

Tony has recently experienced the death of his wife in a hit-and-run car accident. He has a very close network of friends and family who are there to support him. Tony is a yoga instructor and has a well-established coping strategy when he is stressed. What would the contemporary life-events approach say about Tony and his experience?

Tony will be affected by his wife's death but not as negatively as someone without a similar level of social support and coping strategies.

True or false: According to Levinson, adulthood has three main stages surrounded by transition periods.

True

Select the key changes that characterize the increased complexity in children's self-understanding. (Choose every correct answer.)

Understanding of their real self and ideal self Using social descriptions Referencing social comparison Describing themselves in terms of psychological characteristics and traits

Identity ______ refers to an individual who experienced a crisis and made a commitment.

achievement

When an adult fosters children's socioemotional growth and helps to refine their representations of who they are and what other people are like, the adult is serving as a relational:

catalyst.

Selective optimization with ______ theory states that older adults can produce new resources and allocate them effectively to the tasks they want to master.

compensation

Self-______ refers to domain-specific evaluations of the self.

concept

Most of the research on self-esteem is:

correlational.

According to Marcia, the period in identity development when individuals are exploring alternatives is called

crisis, or exploration.

According to Erik Erikson, adolescents are faced with deciding who they are, what they are all about, and where they are going in life during the identity-versus-_____-confusion stage of development.

identity

Religious beliefs, political views, relationship status, personality, and sexual orientation are components of:

identity.

The tendency to compare oneself with others ______ in adolescence.

increases

In self-______, which emerges in late adolescence and emerging adulthood, self-understanding merges with the self and its many parts.

integration

According to contemporary identity theory, identity development:

is accomplished in bits and pieces.

As compared to younger children, children in middle to late childhood would be more likely to describe themselves as:

kind.

A common finding is that the _____ (less/more) time between measurements of personality characteristics, the more stability they show.

less

Louise is 70 years old and has permanently lost sight in her right eye. Louise is adapting well to this loss with application of the three key factors described in selective ______ with compensation theory.

optimization

According to research, Piaget's views on the egocentrism of infants are:

overstated.

How is commitment defined by Marcia?

personal investment in identity

The enduring personal characteristics of individuals is referred to as:

personality.

At about 4 to 5 years, children begin to describe themselves using:

psychological traits.

By the age of 2 to 3 years old children are aware of limitations on self-. For example, knowing what to play with and where to play.

regulation

By the age of 2 to 3 years, old children are aware of limitations on self- _____. For example, knowing what to play with and where to play.

regulation

Self- _____ gives individuals the ability to control their behavior without having to rely on others' help.

regulation or control

Resisting temptation is an important aspect of a preschooler's:

self-control.

Being attentive and positive toward his or her image in a mirror is one way of an infant expressing

self-recognition.

Emmanuel often monitors his thoughts and behaviors throughout the day to ensure that he is being respectful and appropriate. Emmanuel is demonstrating:

self-regulation.

Children's cognitive representations of themselves make up their:

self-understanding.

When adolescents compare themselves with others, it is a part of their:

self-understanding.

Ten-year-old Karla describes herself as a "cheerleader." Which of the following changes in self-understanding does this best reflect?

social descriptions

Olivia is a 19-year-old college student who hopes to be a physician assistant in a large medical facility. She plans to be married and have two children by the time she turns 30. Levinson would call this

the dream.

The contemporary life-events approach claims that how a life event influences an individual's development depends not only on the event but also on which of the following?

the individual's adaptation to the life event mediating factors the life-stage context