Chapter 11: South Asia and Southeast Asia

Intellect (Outside of India)

-Algebraic & Geometric learnings translated into Arabic -Indian mathematics taught Abbasids -Arab astronomers/mathematicians added knowledge

Calicut

-Became a bustling port city for merchants looking for spices from S India -Merchants from Arabia & China met here to exhange goods from the West and East

Changes in Hinduism

-Began focusing on one individual god -Preached personal salvation

Political Structures (South Asia)

-Centralization not common -After collapse of Gupta Empire, disunity returned -Local rulers created seperate power bases

Urdu Language

-Developed among South Asia Muslims -Influenced by Hindi, Arabic and Farsi -Official language of Pakistan

First Invasion of N India

-Eighth Century -Soldiers from Umayyad Caliphate attacked Sind (PD Pakistan) -Umayyad invasion brought little change b/c of isolation from the rest of the Umayyad empire

Bhakti Movement (12th Century)

-Emphasized love and devotion to God -Appealing bc it did not discriminate women/low-class -Attempted to put Hindu and Muslim beliefs together

Trade in the Indian Ocean Basin

-Expansion of Islam connected more cities than ever -Muslim Perisans and Arabs = dominant seafarers -W Indian cities (ex: Calicut) became centers of trade

Islam

-First SE Asian Muslims = local merchants converted to try and increase trade w/ islamic merchants -Popular in Urban areas -Sufis did their work in SE Asia too

Dar al-Islam

-First global empire -Connected N Africa to E Europe, SW Asia to S Asia -Islamic merchants paved the way for spread of Islam

Angkor Thom

-Founded by rulers -Built to house the king and display his wealth -Had a lot of Hindu art -Buddhist rulers added Buddhist art w/o destroying the existing Hindu art

Third Invasion of N India Dehli Sultanate

-Ghazni's successors conquered Dehli & S Asia -Their Dehli Sultanate lasted 300 years -Sulatnate never est. a beauraucracy = difficult to impose new policies -Mongols from NW created conflict/tried to invade

Specialized products

-India: high quality fabrics (cotton), woven carpets, high carbon steel, tanned leather, stonework, pepper -PD Malaysia/Indonesia: "Spice Islands" - nutmeg, cinnamon, cloves and cardamom -Swahili Cities: Slaves, ivory, gold -China: Silk, porcelain -Southwest Asia: Horses, figs, dates

Islam in N India

-Its presence dominated the political history of the region -Created resentment among native indians bc some of them converted just to avoid taxes (or jizya) on non-Muslims -Local kingdoms continued to play a role in India

Second Invasion of N India

-Mahmud of Ghazni conquered the Punjab region (PD Afghanistan & Pakistan) -Mahmud's armed forces destroyed N India's Hindu temples/Buddhist shrines &built mosques in their place -Mahmud failed at converting Indians

Bhakti poets

-Mira Bai: Female poet, wrote songs of devotion to Krishna(hindu god) -Guru Kabir: Stressed that people look into their personal faith and develop an emotional connection with God; preached that a single god came in many forms

Angkor Kingdom (889-1431 CE)

-Most successful kingdom in SE Asia -Irrigation & drainage sytems --> economic prosperity -PD Cambodia -Capital: Angkor Thom

Political Strucutres (North India)

-Mountain passes in NW allowed four invasions from Muslim armies -Attacks created instability & disruption -Mostly Hindu and Buddhist; Islamic prescence grew

Vijayanagar Kingdom mid 1300s - mid 1500s

-Northern region of S India -Created by two brothers, sent southward by the Dehli Sultanate to extend rule, who were converted to Islam from Hinduism (for mobility) and used the opprtunity to establish a new kingdom and return to Hinduism

Religion (South Asia)

-Prior to Islam: majority = Hinduism smaller number: Buddhists -Islam was very different to traditional religions

Arrival of Islam

-Relationship of Muslims & Hindus shapes history -Islam entered forcefully & peacefully -Forceful conversion not helpful, converts came to Islam voluntarily -Islam appealed to low-caste Hindus -Disorganized Buddhist religion and made it a minority in its place of birth

Political Strucutres (South India)

-S India more stable than N India -Two centralized governments Chola & Vijayanagar

Technology (South Asia)

-Sailing tech. helped navigate the Indian Ocean's winds -Lateen sails: triangular sails that could catch the wind coming from many directions -Stern rudder: gave ships stability, made them easier to maneuver

Chola Kingdom 850-1267 CE

-Southern India -Extended to Ceylon (PD Sri Lanka) -Had access to Indian Ocean & Bay of Bengal -Ships traveled as far east as S China -Ceylonian natives drove out invaders, reduced empire

Intellect (Inside of India)

-Sultans erected building which combined Hindu & Islamic architecture

Influence on Southeast Asia by South Asia

-Traded gold, silver, metal goods & textiles -Introduced to Hinduism & Buddhism -Rulers conducted bussiness in Sanskrit

Social Structures in South Asia

-Used India's caste system - ^ Stabilized a decentralized government -Easily welcomed newcomers like (Arab Merchants) -Women confined to a "social sphere"

Funan rulers (1st - 6th Centuries CE)

-Used Ramayana & Mahabharata to reinforce kingship -Profited from China/India trade by taxing traders -Developed complex irrigation systems (destroyed)

Sufis

Missionaries who didn't focus on stirct rules of Islam but focused on connecting people to a "higher power" -Converted many people to Islam -Allowed converts to continue non-Islamic traditions

Melaka

Muslim city state -Taxed ships passing through Strait of Melaka -Built an army -Wealth based on trade -Expanded into Sumatra & Malay peninsula

SouthEast Asia

PD Indonesia, Malaysia, Cambodia, Thailand, Laos

Monsoon Winds

Winter: Winds originated from the NE Spring/Summer: originated from the SW -Merchants had to time their voyages carefully, waiting for favorable winds to come -Long periods of waiting for winds @ port cities = merchants interacted with surrounding cultures & peoples, many staying in these cities bc they married