Chapter 11 test

The tendency for a group decision to be riskier than the average decision made by the individual group members.

Risky Shift

__________ is the generalization about a group's characteristics that does not consider any differences

Stereotype

_____ is an individual's fast-acting, self-fulfilling fear of being judged based on a negative idea about his or her group

Stereotype threat

Which of the following is true of majority and minority influence in a group?

The minority in a group cannot win through normative pressure

Which of the following is most likely to reduce the kinds of group biases that exist in face-to-face groups?

crowdsourcing

The area of social psychology that explores how people select, interpret, remember, and use social information is called

social cognition

Which of the following statements is true of stereotype threat?

A person who experiences stereotype threat is well aware of stereotypical expectations for him or her as a member of a group

_____ are people's opinions and beliefs about other people, objects, and ideas, and how they feel about the world.

Attitudes

_____ means helping another person for personal gain, such as to feel good, or avoid guilt.

Egoism

Which of the following is true of agreeableness in the context of prosocial behavior?

It is related to greater volume in the posterior cingulate cortex

Which of the following statements is true of the frustration-aggression hypothesis?

It states that frustration always leads to aggression

_______ aggression refers to physically or verbally harming another person directly.

Overt

_______ aggression refers to behavior that is mean to harm the social standing of another person, through activities such as spreading rumors and gossiping.

Relational

The process by which individuals evaluate their thoughts, feelings, behaviors, and abilities in relation to others.

Social Comparison

refers to the way individuals define themselves in terms of their group membership

Social Identity

According to the self-perception theory of attitudes, what do individuals do to make inferences about their attitudes?

They perceive their behavior

Daphne feels uneasy when she notices an inconsistency between what she believes and what she does. This best illustrates ________________

cognitive dissonance

Equity is a strong predictor of relationship satisfaction

during the early but not later stages of a relationship

According to social exchange theory, the most important predictor of relationship success is

equity.

The tendency to favor one's own cultural group over other groups is called

ethnocentrism

The _____ is the overestimation of the degree to which everybody else thinks or acts the way we do.

false consensus effect

Deficits in the functioning of the _____ are associated with aggression.

frontal lobes

A man who slaps his wife during an argument is most likely exhibiting

overt aggression

In the context of group decision making, which of the following is a symptom of groupthink?

pressure for unanimity

Festinger's social comparison theory

provides an important rationale for how individuals come to know themselves.

Behavior that is meant to harm the social standing of another person through activities such as gossiping and spreading rumors is known as

relational aggression

An important feature of optimal intergroup contact that involves working together on a shared goal is known as

task-oriented cooperation.

Individuals who have positive illusions about the self

tend to show high levels of psychological well-being

Social loafing refers to the

tendency for people to exert less effort when working in groups than when working alone

The tendency for the presence of firearms to enhance aggression is known as the ________.

weapons effect

____ is the psychological discomfort caused by two inconsistent thoughts

Cognitive dissonance

A negative or harmful action toward a member of a group simply because they are a member of that group is called ____________?

Discrimination

_____ is reflected in a person's conscious and openly shared attitude, which might be measured using a questionnaire, whereas _____ refers to attitudes that exist on a deeper, hidden level, thus they must be measured with a method that does not require awareness.

Explicit racism/implicit racism

Which of the following statements is true of the concept of risky shift?

It is the tendency for individuals to more willingly endorse riskier decisions when in a group than when they are alone.

the more we encounter someone or something, the more likely we are to start liking the person or thing even if we do not realize we have seen it before

Mere Exposure Effect

In the context of social behavior, which of the following best explains why the bystander effect occurs?

People tend to look to the behavior of others for cues about what to do.

_____ are favorable views of the self that are not necessarily rooted in reality.

Positive Illusions

_____ involves strong components of sexuality and infatuation, and is often predominant in the early part of a love relationship.

Romantic love

_____ is the scientific study of how people think about, influence, and relate to other people.

Social psychology

Which of the following defines conformity?

a change in a person's behavior to coincide more closely with a group standard

The process by which we come to understand the causes of others' behavior is known as

attribution

According to the cognitive dissonance theory, when attitudes and behavior conflict, individuals tend to reduce cognitive dissonance by

changing their attitudes to fit the behavior

The Stanford prison experiment provides a dramatic example of how social situations and the roles we take on in life can influence _____.

deindividuation

Filip works extremely hard to get a job at LawCorp, a prestigious law firm. He feels that because it is tough to get hired by LawCorp, the firm must be worth it. In the context of cognitive dissonance theory, the scenario best exemplifies:

effort justification

One explanation for the effects of deindividuation in groups is that groups

give people anonymity

The elaboration likelihood model

identifies two ways to persuade: a central route and a peripheral route

Kathy is a member of the VNoltAll group in college. She usually follows her group unconditionally because she want to be right, and she believes that the other members of her group are likely to know something that she does not. In this scenario, Kathy's behavior best exemplifies

information social influence

When students are warned that they are going to be hit with persuasive appeals and are given arguments to help them resist these pitches, they are able to do so. In the context of persuasion, this best describes

inoculation

Attributions that include causes inside and specific to a person, such as his or her traits and abilities, are called

internal attributions

A model of relationships that emphasizes the ways commitment, investment, and the availability of attractive alternative partners predict satisfaction in a relationship, is describing which of the

investment model

In the elaboration likelihood model of persuasion, the central route

is more persuasive when people have the ability and the motivation to pay attention.

according to stella and others (2012), compared moral about the individuals those of poor backgrounds are

more attuned to the suffering of other

According to the social facilitation effect, the presence of others is likely to

reduce performance on difficult tasks.

Social psychologists believe that _____ is particularly strong during the early stages of a relationship, and that _____ increases as the relationship grows and matures.

romantic love/affectionate love

Robert Rosenthal and Lenore Jacobsen conducted a study in 1968. The researchers told grade-school teachers that five students were likely to be "late bloomers"—that these students had high levels of ability that would likely emerge over time. In reality, the students had been randomly selected by the researchers. Nonetheless, a year later, the researchers found that teachers' expectations for the "late bloomers" were reflected in student performance—the academic performance of the "late bloomers" was beyond that of other students. The results from this study demonstrate which of the following concepts?

self-fulfilling prophecy

_____ refers to the tendency to take credit for one's own successes and to deny responsibility for one's own failures.

self-serving bias

The effects of others on our behavior can take the form of _____, imitative behavior involving the spread of behavior, emotions, and ideas

social contagion

According to _____, the most important predictor of relationship success is having both partners feel that each is doing his or her "fair share."

social exchange theory

A _____ is a generalization about a group's characteristics that does not consider any variations from one individual to another.

stereotype

According to _____, people who have first agreed to a small request tend to comply later with a larger request.

the foot-in-the-door technique

The tendency for observers to underestimate the impact of the external situation and overestimate the impact of inner traits when they seek explanations of another person's behavior is called

the fundamental attribution error

Psychologists believe that the social facilitation effect occurs because _____.

the presence of other individual arouses us

Psychologists believe that the social facilitation effect occurs because

the presence of other individuals arouses us.

Peripheral route is

the shorthand way to accept or reject a message. It involves no active thinking about attributes of the issue or the object of consideration.

_____ refers to the processes by which we use social stimuli to form impressions of others.

Person perception

When individuals desire to have another person near and have a deep, caring affection for the person, they are displaying

affectionate love