Chapter 11

Which of the following is a criticism of Freud's conclusion about personality?

Freud's theories largely ignore women's psychosexual development.

In the context of Freud's stages of psychosexual development, which of the following takes place during the phallic stage?

A child experiences sexual feelings toward his or her parent.

Trait theories in general tend to be better at which of the following?

Describing people rather than understanding people

According to Walter Mischel's cognitive/affective theory, which one the following cognitive person variables is described as a person's beliefs about the environment and other people?

Encodings

Which of the following theorists emphasized the biological basis for personality?

Eysenck

pioneered by Freud, assumes that personality arises out of unconscious psychological processes that interact to determine our thoughts, feelings, and behavior

The psychodynamic approach

While the specifics of Neo-Freudian theories may vary, which is a common feature among Neo-Freudian theories?

The substitution of social competence for sexuality and pleasure as the main motivation for behavior

Which one the following is a weakness associated with the trait approach to personality?

The trait approach offers a short list of traits that provides a fixed description of personality that fails to capture how traits combine to form a complex person.

In interdependent self-systems, people see themselves as

a fraction of the whole.

Check My Work Maureen is hostile, aggressive, and socially destructive. According to Rogers, this behavior pattern is most likely to result from

a growth-inhibiting environment.

Rogers believed that personality development is driven by an innate

actualizing tendency

An innate inclination toward growth and fulfillment that motivates all human behavior is termed

an actualizing tendency.

when the child's ego develops to cope with parental demands for socially appropriate behavior

anal stage

affects people's sensitivity to rewards and their motivation to seek these rewards

behavioral approach system (BAS)

affects how sensitive people are to punishment

behavioral inhibition system (BIS)

According to Mischel, if people encounter a particular situation, they will then engage in the characteristic behaviors they typically show in that situation. He called this

behavioral signatures

those that are usually obvious to others and that organize and control behavior in many different situations

central traits

Mischel argued that learned beliefs, feelings, and expectancies characterize each individual and make that individual different from other people. Mischel called these characteristics

cognitive person variables

interfere with personal growth and can lead to psychological problems

conditions of worth

Dorothy is a project manager at Flincorp Inc. She is known among her colleagues for her willingness to take up challenging projects and her efficient planning that ensures timely completion of tasks. The employees at Flincorp Inc. who report to Dorothy consider her dependable when they face challenges at work. In the context of the five-factor personality model, Dorothy is most likely to score high on _____.

conscientiousness

which are unconscious tactics that protect against anxiety and guilt by either preventing threatening material from surfacing or disguising it when it does

defense mechanisms

According to Abraham Maslow, preoccupation with perceived needs for material things is called _____.

deficiency orientation

operates according to the reality principle. uses defense mechanisms to prevent unconscious conflicts among these components from becoming conscious and causing anxiety or guilt

ego

(also often called neuroticism). At one extreme of this dimension are people who exhibit such characteristics as moodiness, restlessness, worry, anxiety, and other negative emotions.

emotionality-stability

a tendency to focus on the social world

extraversion

People taking projective tests may be asked to:

fill in the missing parts of incomplete pictures.

five basic dimensions of personality -openness, conscientiousness, extraversion, agreeableness, and neuroticism

five-factor, or Big Five, personality model

which lasts for the rest of the person's life.

genital stage

also called the phenomenological approach, is based on the assumption that personality is determined by the unique ways in which each individual views the world

humanistic psychology approach

The view that personality develops in accordance with each person's unique perceptions of the world is called

humanistic psychology.

operates according to the pleasure principle

id

a tendency to reflect on one's own experiences

introversion

Extraverts are sociable and outgoing, enjoy parties and other social activities, take risks, and love excitement and change. Introverts tend to be quiet, thoughtful, and reserved, enjoying solitary pursuits and avoiding social involvement.

introversion-extroversion

sexual impulses stay in the background as the youngster focuses on education, same-sex peer play, and the development of social skills

latency period

In Eysenck's theory, emotional stability can also be referred to as

neuroticism

Tests that present clear, specific questions, statements, or concepts to which people are asked to respond are termed

nonprojective personality measures.

In the context of Freud's stages of psychosexual development, adult characteristics such as overeating or childlike dependence result from failure to resolve the conflicts that appear at the _____.

oral stage

the mouth—which infants use to eat and to explore everything from toys to their own hands and feet—is the center of pleasure during this period

oral stage

The pattern of psychological and behavioral characteristics by which each person can be compared and contrasted with other people is

personality

refers to the unique pattern of psychological and behavioral characteristics by which each person can be compared and contrasted with other people

personality

the unique pattern of psychological and behavioral characteristics by which each person can be compared and contrasted with other people

personality

A characteristic pattern of behavior or tendency to act and feel in a certain way is called a

personality trait

the consistent tendencies that help direct how a person usually thinks and behaves

personality traits

the focus of pleasure shifts to the genital area

phallic stage

Check My Work Freud emphasized that the id operates on which of the following principles?

pleasure

seeking immediate satisfaction of both kinds of instincts, regardless of society's rules or the rights and feelings of others

pleasure principle

present ambiguous stimuli in an attempt to tap unconscious personality characteristics.

projective personality measures

Tests made up of relatively unstructured stimuli in which responses reflect the individuals' unconscious needs, fantasies, conflicts, thought patterns, and other aspects of personality are called

projective personality measures.

the idea that personality and behavior are determined more by psychological factors than by biological conditions or current events

psychic determinism

personality has three components—id, ego, superego

psychoanalytic theory

pioneered by Freud, assumes that personality arises out of unconscious psychological processes that interact to determine our thoughts, feelings, and behavior

psychodynamic approach

the oral stage, the anal stage, the phallic stage (during which the Oedipal complex or the Electra complex occurs), the latency period, and the genital stage

psychosexual development.

the ego makes compromises as the id's demands for immediate satisfaction run into the practical realities of the social world

reality principle

differences among people along the dimensions of introversion-extraversion and emotionality-stability originate in the brain regions that influence how sensitive people are to different kinds of events

reinforcement sensitivity theory

those that are more specific to certain situations and control far less behavior

secondary traits

fullest potential

self actualization

shaped by social evaluations

self concept

the belief in one's ability to accomplish a given task—is an important determinant of behavior

self efficacy

According to Albert Bandura, the learned expectation of success in given situations is known as _____.

self-efficacy

According to Bandura, the learned expectation of success in given situations is called

self-efficacy

the belief in one's ability to accomplish a given task

self-efficacy

Neo-Freudians emphasized which of the following as the main factor in the development of personality?

social relationships

The view that personality reflects learned patterns of thinking and behavior is called the

social-cognitive approach

assumes that personality is a set of unique patterns of thinking and behavior that a person acquires through learning and then displays in particular situations

social-cognitive approach

internalizes society's rules and values

superego

assumes that personality is made up of stable internal personality traits that appear at varying strengths in different people and guide their thoughts, feelings, and behavior

the trait approach

assumes that personality is made up of stable internal personality traits that appear at varying strengths in different people and guide their thoughts, feelings, and behavior

trait approach

The Big Five is the term currently used to refer to basic

trait dimensions

Shane's parental philosophy is to love and accept his children regardless of their behavioral, emotional, and academic issues. According to Rogers, Shane is giving his children

unconditional positive regard.

When the goal of personality assessment is to diagnose psychological disorders, the most commonly used nonprojective measure is the _____.

Neuroticism Extraversion Openness Personality Inventory

also known as objective measures, usually present clear, direct items; their scores can be compared with group norms

Nonprojective personality measure

Which of the following is one of the main assumptions of the trait approach to personality?

Personality traits are relatively stable across situations.

Trevor reaches his office at least twenty minutes after the reporting time every day. He also usually exceeds the deadlines of the projects assigned to him. One day, he finds that his teammate has been given a promotion, whereas he is not given one. Trevor is upset. He tells himself that his manager is biased toward his teammate and that the promotion was unjustly given to his teammate. In the context of the psychodynamic approach, which defense mechanism is Trevor most likely using?

Rationalization

Which one of the following is a nonprojective personality measure that is organized into groups of items called clinical scales?

The Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory

In the context of ego defense mechanisms, who among the following is most likely using displacement?

Dexter, who is expressing his anger at his father by yelling at his roommate