Chapter 11
Which of the following is a criticism of Freud's conclusion about personality?
Freud's theories largely ignore women's psychosexual development.
In the context of Freud's stages of psychosexual development, which of the following takes place during the phallic stage?
A child experiences sexual feelings toward his or her parent.
Trait theories in general tend to be better at which of the following?
Describing people rather than understanding people
According to Walter Mischel's cognitive/affective theory, which one the following cognitive person variables is described as a person's beliefs about the environment and other people?
Encodings
Which of the following theorists emphasized the biological basis for personality?
Eysenck
pioneered by Freud, assumes that personality arises out of unconscious psychological processes that interact to determine our thoughts, feelings, and behavior
The psychodynamic approach
While the specifics of Neo-Freudian theories may vary, which is a common feature among Neo-Freudian theories?
The substitution of social competence for sexuality and pleasure as the main motivation for behavior
Which one the following is a weakness associated with the trait approach to personality?
The trait approach offers a short list of traits that provides a fixed description of personality that fails to capture how traits combine to form a complex person.
In interdependent self-systems, people see themselves as
a fraction of the whole.
Check My Work Maureen is hostile, aggressive, and socially destructive. According to Rogers, this behavior pattern is most likely to result from
a growth-inhibiting environment.
Rogers believed that personality development is driven by an innate
actualizing tendency
An innate inclination toward growth and fulfillment that motivates all human behavior is termed
an actualizing tendency.
when the child's ego develops to cope with parental demands for socially appropriate behavior
anal stage
affects people's sensitivity to rewards and their motivation to seek these rewards
behavioral approach system (BAS)
affects how sensitive people are to punishment
behavioral inhibition system (BIS)
According to Mischel, if people encounter a particular situation, they will then engage in the characteristic behaviors they typically show in that situation. He called this
behavioral signatures
those that are usually obvious to others and that organize and control behavior in many different situations
central traits
Mischel argued that learned beliefs, feelings, and expectancies characterize each individual and make that individual different from other people. Mischel called these characteristics
cognitive person variables
interfere with personal growth and can lead to psychological problems
conditions of worth
Dorothy is a project manager at Flincorp Inc. She is known among her colleagues for her willingness to take up challenging projects and her efficient planning that ensures timely completion of tasks. The employees at Flincorp Inc. who report to Dorothy consider her dependable when they face challenges at work. In the context of the five-factor personality model, Dorothy is most likely to score high on _____.
conscientiousness
which are unconscious tactics that protect against anxiety and guilt by either preventing threatening material from surfacing or disguising it when it does
defense mechanisms
According to Abraham Maslow, preoccupation with perceived needs for material things is called _____.
deficiency orientation
operates according to the reality principle. uses defense mechanisms to prevent unconscious conflicts among these components from becoming conscious and causing anxiety or guilt
ego
(also often called neuroticism). At one extreme of this dimension are people who exhibit such characteristics as moodiness, restlessness, worry, anxiety, and other negative emotions.
emotionality-stability
a tendency to focus on the social world
extraversion
People taking projective tests may be asked to:
fill in the missing parts of incomplete pictures.
five basic dimensions of personality -openness, conscientiousness, extraversion, agreeableness, and neuroticism
five-factor, or Big Five, personality model
which lasts for the rest of the person's life.
genital stage
also called the phenomenological approach, is based on the assumption that personality is determined by the unique ways in which each individual views the world
humanistic psychology approach
The view that personality develops in accordance with each person's unique perceptions of the world is called
humanistic psychology.
operates according to the pleasure principle
id
a tendency to reflect on one's own experiences
introversion
Extraverts are sociable and outgoing, enjoy parties and other social activities, take risks, and love excitement and change. Introverts tend to be quiet, thoughtful, and reserved, enjoying solitary pursuits and avoiding social involvement.
introversion-extroversion
sexual impulses stay in the background as the youngster focuses on education, same-sex peer play, and the development of social skills
latency period
In Eysenck's theory, emotional stability can also be referred to as
neuroticism
Tests that present clear, specific questions, statements, or concepts to which people are asked to respond are termed
nonprojective personality measures.
In the context of Freud's stages of psychosexual development, adult characteristics such as overeating or childlike dependence result from failure to resolve the conflicts that appear at the _____.
oral stage
the mouth—which infants use to eat and to explore everything from toys to their own hands and feet—is the center of pleasure during this period
oral stage
The pattern of psychological and behavioral characteristics by which each person can be compared and contrasted with other people is
personality
refers to the unique pattern of psychological and behavioral characteristics by which each person can be compared and contrasted with other people
personality
the unique pattern of psychological and behavioral characteristics by which each person can be compared and contrasted with other people
personality
A characteristic pattern of behavior or tendency to act and feel in a certain way is called a
personality trait
the consistent tendencies that help direct how a person usually thinks and behaves
personality traits
the focus of pleasure shifts to the genital area
phallic stage
Check My Work Freud emphasized that the id operates on which of the following principles?
pleasure
seeking immediate satisfaction of both kinds of instincts, regardless of society's rules or the rights and feelings of others
pleasure principle
present ambiguous stimuli in an attempt to tap unconscious personality characteristics.
projective personality measures
Tests made up of relatively unstructured stimuli in which responses reflect the individuals' unconscious needs, fantasies, conflicts, thought patterns, and other aspects of personality are called
projective personality measures.
the idea that personality and behavior are determined more by psychological factors than by biological conditions or current events
psychic determinism
personality has three components—id, ego, superego
psychoanalytic theory
pioneered by Freud, assumes that personality arises out of unconscious psychological processes that interact to determine our thoughts, feelings, and behavior
psychodynamic approach
the oral stage, the anal stage, the phallic stage (during which the Oedipal complex or the Electra complex occurs), the latency period, and the genital stage
psychosexual development.
the ego makes compromises as the id's demands for immediate satisfaction run into the practical realities of the social world
reality principle
differences among people along the dimensions of introversion-extraversion and emotionality-stability originate in the brain regions that influence how sensitive people are to different kinds of events
reinforcement sensitivity theory
those that are more specific to certain situations and control far less behavior
secondary traits
fullest potential
self actualization
shaped by social evaluations
self concept
the belief in one's ability to accomplish a given task—is an important determinant of behavior
self efficacy
According to Albert Bandura, the learned expectation of success in given situations is known as _____.
self-efficacy
According to Bandura, the learned expectation of success in given situations is called
self-efficacy
the belief in one's ability to accomplish a given task
self-efficacy
Neo-Freudians emphasized which of the following as the main factor in the development of personality?
social relationships
The view that personality reflects learned patterns of thinking and behavior is called the
social-cognitive approach
assumes that personality is a set of unique patterns of thinking and behavior that a person acquires through learning and then displays in particular situations
social-cognitive approach
internalizes society's rules and values
superego
assumes that personality is made up of stable internal personality traits that appear at varying strengths in different people and guide their thoughts, feelings, and behavior
the trait approach
assumes that personality is made up of stable internal personality traits that appear at varying strengths in different people and guide their thoughts, feelings, and behavior
trait approach
The Big Five is the term currently used to refer to basic
trait dimensions
Shane's parental philosophy is to love and accept his children regardless of their behavioral, emotional, and academic issues. According to Rogers, Shane is giving his children
unconditional positive regard.
When the goal of personality assessment is to diagnose psychological disorders, the most commonly used nonprojective measure is the _____.
Neuroticism Extraversion Openness Personality Inventory
also known as objective measures, usually present clear, direct items; their scores can be compared with group norms
Nonprojective personality measure
Which of the following is one of the main assumptions of the trait approach to personality?
Personality traits are relatively stable across situations.
Trevor reaches his office at least twenty minutes after the reporting time every day. He also usually exceeds the deadlines of the projects assigned to him. One day, he finds that his teammate has been given a promotion, whereas he is not given one. Trevor is upset. He tells himself that his manager is biased toward his teammate and that the promotion was unjustly given to his teammate. In the context of the psychodynamic approach, which defense mechanism is Trevor most likely using?
Rationalization
Which one of the following is a nonprojective personality measure that is organized into groups of items called clinical scales?
The Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory
In the context of ego defense mechanisms, who among the following is most likely using displacement?
Dexter, who is expressing his anger at his father by yelling at his roommate