Chapter 12 - Central Nervous System Part 1

_____________ of mass of brain (cerebral cortex)

40%

______________ of humans have left-sided dominance ; usually results in right-handedness

90%

present in one hemisphere (usually the left); motor speech area that directs muscles of speech production; active in planning speech and voluntary motor activities

Broca's area

consists of brain and spinal cord

CNS

damage in areas of primary motor cortex are seen in

a stroke, paralyzes muscles controlled by those areas

also called prefrontal cortex; most complicated cortical region; involved with intellect, cognition, recalls, and personality

anterior association area

multimodal association cortex is divided into three parts

anterior association, posterior association, and limbic association

Broca's areas is

anterior to inferior premotor area

premotor cortex is

anterior to pre central gyrus

located posterior to primary auditory cortex; stores memories of sounds and permits perception of sound stimulus

auditory association cortex

site of conscious mind:

awareness, sensory perception, voluntary motor initiation, communication, memory storage, understanding

forebrain moves toward

brain stem (midbrain, pons, medulla oblongata)

by contrast, individuals with a damaged visual association area ______________________

can see, but they do not comprehend what they are looking at

basic pattern found in CNS

central cavity surrounded by grey matter, with white matter external to grey matter

is "executive suite" of brain

cerebral cortex

each hemisphere has three basic regions

cerebral cortex of grey matter superficially white matter internally basal nuclei deep within white matter

refers to hemisphere that is dominant for language

cerebral dominance

adult brains have four regions:

cerebral hemisphere diencephalon brain stem (midbrain, pons, medulla oblongata) cerebellum

contain outer layer of grey matter called the cortex

cerebral hemisphere and cerebellum

telencephalon gives rise to two

cerebral hemispheres ; which together makes the cerebrum

ventricles are filled with

cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)

_______________ also have scattered areas of grey matter nuclei amid white matter

cerebrum and cerebellum

cerebral hemispheres double back and envelope ____________ and midbrain while creasing and folding to increase surface area

diencephalon

the third ventricle lies in the

diencephalon

functional imaging (PET and MRI) of brain show specific motor and sensory functions are located in discrete cortical areas called

domains

four general considerations of cerebral cortex

each hemisphere is concerned with contralateral (opposite) side of body lateralization (specialization) of cortical function can occur in only one hemisphere conscious behavior involves entire cortex in one way or another

ventricles are lined by

ependymal cells (neuroglial cells)

diencephalon becomes the

epithalamus, thalamus, hypothalamus, and retina

anterior association area development depends on

feedback from social environment

Hemispheres communicate almost instantaneously via

fiber tracts and functional integration

third ventricle is connected to the

fourth ventricle via cerebral aqueduct

controls voluntary eye movement

frontal eye field

location of motor areas of cerebral cortex

frontal lobe ; motor areas act to control voluntary movement

damage to the primary visual cortex results in

functional blindness

brain stem as addition ______________ matter nuclei scattered within _____________ matter

grey ; white

short, nonmyelinated neurons and cell bodies

grey matter

thin superficial layer of ______________ in cerebral cortex

grey matter (composed of neuron cell bodies, dendrites, glial cells, and blood vessels, but no axons)

in insula just deep to temporal lobe; involved in perception of taste

gustatory cortex

fourth ventricle lies in

hindbrain

paired ____________________ are large, C-shaped chambers located deep in each hemisphere

lateral ventricles

division of labor between hemispheres ; hemisphere are not identical

lateralization

controls language, math, and logic

left hemisphere

part of limbic system; involved cingulate gyrus, parahippocmpal gyrus, and hippocampus; previous emotional impact that makes a scene important to us and help establish memories

limbic association area

myelencephalon become the

medulla oblongata

tumors or other sessions of the anterior association area may cause

mental and personality disorders, including loss of judgement, attentiveness, and inhibitions

cerebral cortex contains three types of functional areas

motor areas:control voluntary movement sensory areas: conscious awareness of sensation association areas: integrate diverse information

upside-down caricatures represent. contralateral motor innervation of body regions

motor homunculi

receive inputs from multiple sensory areas; send outputs to multiple areas; allows us to give meaning to information received, store in memory, tie to previous experience, and decide on actions

multimodal association areas

embryologically, the brain and spinal cord begin as a

neural tube

openings for fourth ventricle

paired lateral apertures in side walls median aperture in roof

______________ occurs in opposite side of body from damage

paralysis

sensory areas occur in

parietal, insular, temporal, and occipital lobes

remainder of rhinencephalon in humans becomes

part of limbic system

melecephalon becomes the

pons and cerebellum

different problems arise for individuals with sessions in the part of the _____________ that provides awareness of self in space; individual may refuse to wash or dress the side of body opposite to lesion

posterior association area

large region in temporal, parietal, and occipital lobes; plays role in recognizing patterns and faces and localizing us in space; involved in understanding written and spoken language (Wemicke's area)

posterior association area

____________ becomes spinal cord

posterior end

primary motor cortex is in

pre central gyrus

helps plan movements; staging area for skilled motor activities; controls learned, repetitious, or patterned motor skills; coordinated simultaneous or sequential actions; controls voluntary actions that depend on sensory feedback

premotor cortex

located in pre central gyrus of frontal lobe

primary (somatic) motor cortex

superior margin of temporal lobes; interprets information from inner ear as pitch, loudness, and location

primary auditory cortex

medial aspect of temporal lobes (in piniform lobes); part of primitive rhinencephalon, along with olfactory bulbs and tracts; involved in conscious awareness of odors

primary olfactory cortex

located in postcentral gyro of parietal lobe; receives general sensory information from skin and proprioceptors of skeletal muscles, joints, and tendons

primary somatosensory cortex

eight main areas of sensory are

primary somatosensory cortex, somatosensory association cortex, visual areas, vestibular cortex, olfactory cortex, gustatory cortex, and visceral sensory areas

neural tube's anterior end expands, and constrictions form three

primary vesicles

_______________ located on extreme posterior tip of occipital lobe; most buried in calcimine sulcus; receives visual information from retina

primary visual (striate) cortex

primary vesicles

prosencephalon (forebrain) mesencephalon (midbrain) rhombencephalon (hindbrain)

formed from long axons that project down spinal cord

pyramidal (corticospinal) tracts

large neurons that allow conscious control of precise, skilled, skeletal muscle movement

pyramidal cells

visual-spatial skills, intuition, emotion, and artistic and musical skills

right hemisphere

primary vesicles give rise to five

secondary brain vesicles

____________________ makes us who we are

sensations, thoughts, and emotions become conscious

areas of cortex concerned with conscious awareness of sensation

sensory areas

the pair is separated by membranous ___________________

septum pellucidum

posterior to primary somatosensory cortex; integrates sensory input from somatosensory cortex for understanding of object; determines size, texture, and relationship of parts of objects being felt

somatosensory association cortex

upside-down caricatures represent contralateral sensory input from regions

somatosensory hommunculus

all muscles of body can be mapped to areas on primary motor cortex

somatotopy

primary somatosensory cortex is capable of _______________: identification of body region being stimulated

spatial discrimination

three opening connect fourth ventricle to ______________ that surrounds brain

subarachnoid space

the brain grows faster than __________________, so it must fold to occupy available space

surrounding membranous skull

forebrain becomes: midbrain: hindbrain:

telencephalon and diencephalon remains undivided metencephalon and myelencephalon

mesencephalon remains

the midbrain

each lateral ventricle is connected to the _______________

third ventricle via interventricular foramen

central cavity of the neural tube becomes the

ventricles

fluid filled chambers that are continuous to one another and to central canal of spinal cord

ventricles

posterior part of insula and adjacent parietal cortex; responsible for conscious awareness of balance

vestibular cortex

posterior to gustatory cortex; conscious of perception of visceral sensations, such as upset stomach, to full bladder

visceral sensory area

surrounds primary visual cortex; uses past visual experiences to interpret visual stimuli (ability to recognize faces); complex processing involves entire posterior half of cerebral hemisphere

visual association cortex

myelinated and nonmyelinated axons

white matter

frontal eye field is

within and anterior to premotor cortex; superior to Broca's areas

anterior association area contains

working memory needed for abstract ideas, judgement, reasoning, persistence, and planning