Chapter 12: Contact, Commerce, and Colonization, 1450-1600

Which of the following passages from the text describe the effects of the Columbian exchange? "In many ways this area, which saw the rise of a group of powerful slave-supplying kingdoms in the eighteenth century ... owed its prosperity to the cultivation of this New World crop." "India's manufacturing center, Bengal, exported silk and cotton textiles and rice throughout South and Southeast Asia." "The Chinese found that they could grow corn in areas too dry for rice and too wet for wheat, while corn replaced . . . Africa's major food grains, sorghum, millet, and rice." "Through most of the sixteenth century, China's main source of silver was Japan." "Amerindian accounts of the fall of Tenochtitlán recalled the smallpox epidemic more vividly than the fighting."

"In many ways this area, which saw the rise of a group of powerful slave-supplying kingdoms in the eighteenth century ... owed its prosperity to the cultivation of this New World crop." "The Chinese found that they could grow corn in areas too dry for rice and too wet for wheat, while corn replaced . . . Africa's major food grains, sorghum, millet, and rice." "Amerindian accounts of the fall of Tenochtitlán recalled the smallpox epidemic more vividly than the fighting."

Which of the following government policies led to increases in global trade interactions during the time period from 1450 to 1600?

- The ming government reconstructed the grand canal - The ottoman empire appointed bedouins to protect( for a fee) caravan parties on the silk road

Examine the "commodities" boxes on the map below. Which of the following developments are closely associated with the production and export of the commodities shown on the map?

- forced work from west africans and amerindians - improved economy

Put in order. 1.Religious conflict and the Protestant emphasis on writing in local languages encouraged the formation of national identities in Europe. 2. Martin Luther translated the Bible into German so that Germans who could not read or speak Latin could understand it. 3. Protestant reformers across Europe translated the Bible into their own spoken languages. 4. Protestantism gained popularity, especially among people who resented being ruled by foreign powers.

2,3,4,1

Ming China was home to one-third of the global population in the mid-seventeenth century, and its cities were rich and varied cultural hubs. How was this economic and cultural vibrancy related to growing European trade?

Europeans saw Chinese products as cultured and luxurious, and China's growing economy needed silver.

Consider these two images (one old and one modern) of Cortés and Doña Marina meeting Mesoamerican rulers.

FALSE

Global Trade grew during this time period because significant economic growth increased the demand for silver in which two empires?

Ming China and Mughal Empire

European conquerors in the Americas adapted their practices to fit the regions they controlled. Match each circumstance on the left with the Spanish or Portuguese adaptation that most clearly resulted from it.

Modification of the mita system to meet labor needs in silver mines- established system of conscript labor in Inca territory. Establishment of massive plantations by settlers who lived like feudal lords in dispersed settlements- extensive fertile land in Brazil. Establishment of major inland cities, like Mexico City and Cuzco- preexisting cities like Tenochtitlan and the Inca capital. Importation of millions of African slaves- very limited local labor supply in Brazil.

What were religious consequences of the Ottoman Empire's expansion?

People of many different religions lived within the boundaries of the Ottoman Empire. Conflict with the Safavid Empire hardened the Ottoman's commitment to Sunni Islam. European Christians temporarily put aside their religious differences.

In what way(s) did Protestant teachings challenge the existing social order in Europe?

Protestantism challenged the role of the Catholic clergy, asserting that they were unnecessary. Protestantism challenged the Catholic-backed hierarchy of feudalism Protestantism challenged the power of Southern Europe over Northern Europe.

What was the set of complex interactions that connected African labor, American land and mineral resources, and European technology and military power?

The Atlantic System

What were the two major powers that Spain conquered in the Americas?

The Aztecs and the Incas

Which of the following statements would Martin Luther have considered true?

The Catholic Church teaches empty ritual instead of faith; it is important to be able to read (or hear) the Bible in your own language so that you have direct access to Christian truth; priests are not necessary or beneficial.

What do historians call the global transfer of plants, animals, people, and microorganisms that took place after Columbus's voyages

The Columbian Exchange

What religious movement was based on the ideas of Martin Luther and Jean Calvin?

The Protestant Reformation

How did the Catholic Church respond to the challenges posed by Protestant reformers?

The church held the Council of Trent, at which church leaders both reaffirmed Catholic beliefs and addressed corruption in the institituion. Ignatius Loyola formed a new order of priests, the Jesuits, whose goal was the revival of the Catholic Church. Jesuit priests traveled the world, spreading Catholic doctrines and converting people to Catholicism.

Which of the following statements most accurately characterizes labor practices in early colonial Spanish America?

The spanish adopted inca based conscription

The conquest of the Aztec Empire was exclusively a fight between the Aztecs and the Spaniards; the Spaniards won primarily because of their superior weaponry.

false: the spaniards allied

Portugal used the same system in both the Indian Ocean and Brazil: it took control of key port cities, taxed local merchants, took a cut of the profits on items that moved through the port, and didn't interfere with the flow of goods.

false; only possible in the indian ocean