Chapter 12 Diesel Engine lubrication Systems
0.013 Particulate And 1.5 NOx
2007 CL_4 Plus On-Highway Emission Standards.
0.013 Particulate And 0.27 NOx
2010 CJ-4 On highway Emission Standards.
Polyalphaolefin (PAO)
A Manmade base Stock (synthetic) used in place of mineral oil. PAO molecules are smaller and consistent in size, and no impurities are found in this oil because it is derived through a chemical process.
Multi-Grade Filter
A blend of a several different oils with Viscosities; Also known as Multi-weight.
Cartidge-Filter
A filter element consisting simply of filter media unenclosed by a metal container.
A typical Lubricant Molecule Consists of
A long chain of Carbon and hydrogen Atoms.
Viscosity Index (VI)
A measurement of the total amount of change in an oils viscosity due to temperature.
Lubricating Oil, And Even Synthetic Oil Is Primarily
A product of petroleum refined from crude oil, also Called Mineral oil, Which originates from the ground.
Anti-Drain back valve
A valve that prevents the oil in the engine from returning to the crankcase when the engine is shut-down.
Mineral Oils Contain
A variety of different Hydrocarbon Molecules that have different Sizes, Shapes, and lubricating qualities. This Means they will respond differently to heat, pressure, and other engine operating Factors.
American Petroleum Institute
API Stands For?
1947
API standards were first developed in what year, Till Then Viscosity was the way oil was rated.
Viscosity Index Improver
An additive that prevents oil from thickening when cold and thinning when hot.
American Petroleum Institute (API)
An organization that has developed specifications to define engine performance standards.
Oil Is Classified By its
Application. Depending on it use, oil may be derived from biological sources such as fish, vegetables, or Animal Fat.
70%
Approximately how much of the base stock of synthetic oils is made from POA.
S-Series
Are Oils designed to meet performance standards for spark ignition systems.
Even The Most Highly polished Metal Surfaces
Are Rough and irregular at a microscopic Level
DLD-1, DLD-2, And DLD-3
Are all Global Standard Designations.
C- And S-Series Oils
Are distinctly formulated due to the combustion by-products of gasoline and diesel fuel combustion.
OIls Meeting Minimum API Criteria
Are permitted to carry the API Service Symbol
Lower Coeffcient of friction, Imporved low-temperature viscosities, Decreased Oil Consumption, Reduced friction And engine wear, Longer intervals between oil changes.
Benefits Of Synthetic Oil
PC Oil Will Improve Perfromance Qualities
Beyond The Current API CJ-4 Engine Oils.
Oil Works
By forming a separating Film between parts to minimize direct contact between moving parts.
Additives
Chemicals that improve the original properties of the base stock oil.
To understand the function of detergents
Consider washing dishes with and without detergent. Dishwater will stay dirty if it has detergent keeping the dirt suspended in water. Without detergent, the dirt eventually settles out of the water to the bottom of the sink. By keeping Soot (dirt) suspended, the filters can remove more soot from the oil and leave the engine less susceptible to sludge deposits.
At operating temperatures Multigrade oils
Decrease rotational resistance in an engine due to drag from lubricating oils.
The Letter C
Diesel Engine Classification always begin with what letter.
CK Series
First proposed in 2011, This new oil, which will br designated as what model, Which will help meet new greenhouse gas regulations. It will be compatible with new biofuels and reduce engine wear for enhanced engine durability.
Low-Viscosity Oil
Flows easier than high-viscosity oil.
Oil Additives
Go through no testing except by the U.S. Environmental Protection agency (EPA) to certify they are not environmentally noxious.
Single-Grade Oils
Have been made obsolete for use in any modern diesel by multi-weight or Multi Grade diesels.
Synthetic-Base Lubricants
Have been used in Aviation and special-purpose engines since World War II
Jet Engines
High temperatures encountered in what type of engines would burn petroleum-based oils, necessitating the use of synthetics.
A Numerical Designation Developed By The SAE
IS used to measure OIl Viscosity.
Multigrades oils Main Advanatge is
Improved Cold-starting characteristics with less engine drag.
The PLUS suffix (e.g., CI-4 PLUS And CJ-4 PLUS)
Indicates that the oil provides a higher level of protection against changes to Viscosity related to soot loading and viscosity loss due to oil molecule shear in diesel engines.
(ISAC) Stands For
International lubricant standardization and Approval Committee.
The API Service Classification
Is Marked on any bottle or Jug of Engine oil Suitable for internal combustion engines.
Another problem WIth Synthetics
Is Molecules are more uniform in size and Thus more likely to leak or weep through worn seals and lose gaskets.
Viscosity
Is a Liquids resistance to flow.
The VI improver
Is a Special Hydrocarbon Polymer or, more simply , A chain of atoms that changes shape with temperatures.
More detergent
Is added to diesel engine oil causing soot to stay suspended in the oil. Because Soot tends to clump together, leaves deposits inside the engine, and even thickens the oil.
The Primary Disadvantage Of Synthetic Oils
Is that they cost significantly more than mineral oils.
The Suffix W indicates
It Indicates that it has a winter viscosity rating.
Oil Is Capable of Separating Moving parts because
Its Molecules behave like billons of tiny ball bearings that physically separate moving metal surfaces.
5W-30 Or 5W-40
Light-Duty diesels typically require synthetics with viscosities of?
Oil Lubrication Behaves
Like Balls Bearings, enabling metal surfaces to slide over one another without Metal-To-Metal contact.
10W-30 Viscosity
Many Engines today are operated with low oil viscosities with out any detrimental effect to the engine. Todays engine use what viscosity?
PTFE Additives
Many other tests and studies have demonstrated that these additives actually in fact increase engine wear.
C-Series
Meet Compression ignition engine performance requirements.
75-85%
Motor oils are comprised typically of how much base stock, which is the raw mineral from crude oil. The remainder of the oil volume is made of chemical additives
Engine Oil Carrying the API Designations
Must be certified after specialized testing to determine whether they meet minimum API Standards.
Moving Surfaces
Need to be separated to avoid wear and friction.
Synthetic Oil
Oil Made from base stock that is synthetically derived or manufactured.
The SAE and not the API
Oil Viscosity is a performance criteria defined By the?
Colder Temperatures Require
Oil With thinner Viscosity and the use of an engine block and oil heater when the engine is shut down.
No letter Accompanies The Viscosity Grade
Oil tested at 212 F (100 C ) Are referred to as Hot or Summer Viscosity And?
Kinmatic Viscositiy Rating
Oils Tested at 212 F, The Viscosity rating is known as.
Single-Grade Or Single-Weight Oils
Oils with only a single viscosity number are designated?
Polytetrafloeraethylene (PTFE)
Otherwise Known as TEFLON
Specialized Anti-Wear additives
Permits the use of lower viscosity oils with-out causing metal-to-metal contact.
Emulsifiers
Prevent Water from combining with engine oil.
PC Stands For
Proposed Category
Society Of Automotive Enginners
SAE Stands For?
Lubrication Between Moving Parts
Separates the part with a slippery film. friction and heat are minimized, which extends the durability of the metal surfaces.
PTFE Additive
Substantial body of evidence indicates that products containing Teflon and what product additive dumped into engine oil can in fact plug filters and small internal oil passageways.
CB, CE, CD, And So On.
Successive Standards are indicated by progressive Alphabetic Designations?
1970s
Synthetic lubricants did not begin to make inroads into automotive applications until the late?
1940s
The API standards have Progressively evolved since they were first conceived in what year to meet advances in engine technology and engine manufactures performance requirements.
Oil Performance Standard, Viscosity Rating, The bottom half is the API certification Mark.
The Donut symbol is divided into three parts.
CA
The Earliest API classifications developed in the 1940s , which is Now obsolete, Was?
Is the Low Temperature viscosity
The First Number (e.g., 15W in 15W-40) Indicates what, And it also helps predict how well an engine might crank in cold temperatures when the oil is thick and resistance to cranking is high.
At A Molecular Level,
The Forces attracting oil Molecules to metal surfaces are greater than the forces causing oil molecules to adhere to one another.
CJ-4
The Most recent API designation, Which is used is required by all light-duty Tier 5 bin 2, medium-duty, and heavy-duty diesels manufactured in North America since 2007 that use exhaust particulate filters.
If Highl
The Oil Pressure Regulating Valve Is Usually located in the
Is The High-Temperature Viscosity , And it indicates the Oils thickness or body when it is heated.
The Second Number (40 in 15W-40), Thick Oil provides good lubrication and load-bearing characteristics at normal engine operating temperatures.
It coils into a ball-like shape
The Unique property of the VI improver polymer molecule is when cold, It does what, Which means that when cold the oil will tend be less viscous than oil the VI improver additive.
Base-Stock
The raw material processed from crude oil.
When Changing Engine OIl
The recommended API service classification must be used.
The Numbers provide viscosity information about the Oils performance under a wide range of operating conditions.
The two numbers on an Engine Oil Viscosity provide what information.
PC-11
There is A new OIl due out in January 2016 that is currently
Absolute Viscosity Rating
This Scale For Measuring Viscosity is Known as?
Products containing Polytetrafloeraethylene (PTFE) Or Teflon mixed with high Viscosity Motor Oil
This powdery substance was claimed to be capable of coating engine parts with a protective film to reduce friction.
API-Rated OIl Qualifies
To Display the certification mark only if it meets the most current requirements for minimum performance standards and is licensed by the API.
The API Has developed Specifications
To define what engine oil performance standards are. For example, Engines using high-speed turbochargers and recirculating exhaust gases into the combustion chamber will place different demands on oil than that used to lubricate a Naturally aspirated engine with little or no emissions control.
By Two Numbers
Todays Oil Viscosity is indicated by how many numbers and which means they have their viscosity measured under both hot and cold conditions.
Oil Used in Diesel Engines
Turns darker more quickly than oil used in gasoline engines.
S-Series And C-Series
Two distinct classification's of oils are recognized By API Performance Specifications
15W-40
Was the Viscosity used in engines several years ago.
It is Given the Suffix W
When an Oils Viscosity is Measured at 0 degrees (-18 C) it is given what Suffix.
Oil Thickens and the Viscosity Increases
When temperature decreases what happens to the engine oil?
Oil Thins and becomes Less VIscous
When temperature rises or it becomes hot what happens to the engine oil?
The API Service Symbol, And Certification Mark
Which Resembles a donut, identifies the performance standards of engine oils used in Gasoline- and Diesel- powered vehicles.
Soot Produced During Diesel Engine Combustion
Will Cling to the Oil Film on the cylinder Walls and is scraped into the oil pan. Soot, which is composed primarily of black carbon, turns engine oil black.
Newer engines With Finer Fuel Atomization And engines operating Consistently at high load and speed conditions.
Will Take longer to turn dark because less soot is produced.
Oils Must be Compatible
With the latest exhaust aftertreatmeant systems and biofuels while meeting customer's expectations for longer oil drain intervals to reduce operating costs.
Tanks Used In WW2
needed Synthetics to allow the oil to properly lubricate the engine in extreme cold.
The heated the polymer molecule streches into a long rod, Which thickens the oil.
when the unique property of the polymer molecule is heated.
Both Heavy- And Light- Duty Diesels are now using oils
with lower viscosity to improve fuel economy.
