Chapter 12- diseases of the urinary system

tremors

Involuntary, rhythmical alternating movement that may affect the muscles of any part of the body, caused by the rapid alternating contraction and relaxation of muscles

causative agents of STDS that can cause urethritis?

Neisseria gonorrhea, Chlamydia, and herpes simplex virus

arteriovenous fistula

The surgical joining of an artery and a vein under the skin for the purpose of hemodialysis

urethritis is commonly referred to as a

Urinary Tract Infection (UTI)

Formaldehyde reacts with ammonia to form:

Urotropin; used in cases of urinary disorders

septic shock

a severe drop in blood pressure that results in highly abnormal problems with how cells work and produce energy.

renal dysplasia

abnormal tissue in the kidney; the tissue is arranged in a specific pattern within one kidney or may be randomly present throughout both kidneys

which of the following is charcterized by the sudden onset of blood and protein in the urine accompanied by salt and water retention?

acute glomerulonephritis

acute glomerulonephritis is characterized by

acute glomerulonephritis is characterized by the sudden onset of blood and protein in the urine accompanied by salt and water retention. Structural and functional changes

two types of renal failure?

acute: results from sudden drop in blood pressure brought on by trauma, complications in surgery, septic shock, hemorrhage there is a sudden reversible failure of kidney function chronic: results in accumulation of fluid and waste in products in the body, causing uremia typically results from other major diseases such as glomerulonephritis

urinary bladder cancers may also include

adenocarcinomas, squamous cell carcinomas, leiomyscarcomas, rhabdomyosarcomas

Bright's Disease (think: kidney)

antiquated name for kidney disease in general that comes from Richard Bright who did renal work

lack of urine output

anuria

pyelitis

any inflammation of the renal pelvis and the calyces of the kidneys (pyelo combining form means renal pelvis)

synthetic graft is also called?

arteriovenous graft

both pyelitis and pyelonenephritis may migrate from the _____ and chronic puelonephritis occurs almost exclusively in persons with major _____________

bladder and anatomic anomalies

kidney stones may form when the urine becomes overconcentrated with substances such as ?

calcium, oxalate, phosphates, and carbonate stones are asymptomatic until they begin to move down the ureter, causing pain in the abdominal flank and down to the ground kidney stones are common, recurrence is common, especially if there are more than two episodes

Nitrogen as a liquid is?

colorless and odorless with the appearance to water

Nitrogen as a gas is?

colorless, odorless, an inert element. is found in foods, organic materials, fertilizers, poisons, explosives

nephrolithiasis nephro= kidney lith = stones iasis= condition

condition in which one or more kidney stones are present in the urinary system

renal agenesis renal = kidney

condition of being being born with only one kidney the absence of the kidney typically goes undetected

depending on the ________, glomerulonephtritis can be treated with antibiotics

depending on the etiology (the cause of disease)

dialysis is most frequently used for patients who have kidney failure, but may also be used to quickly remove _____ or _____ in emergency situations

drugs or poisons

at a cellular level in acute glomerulonephritis, there is an increase in the number of _______ and _____ cells

epithelial and endothelial cells in the glomerulus. neutrophils and monocytes are present in large numbers the capillary walls within the glomerulus thickens

if any yellow discoloration is present in cases of uremia, the embalmer should err on the side of caution and utilize a _________ fluid rather than a high index embalming fluid

err on the side of caution and utilize a jaundice fluid rather than a high index fluid

what does the glomerulus do?

filters your blood (is near the kidney)

the more nitrogen is present in the tissues of the deceased, the higher the ________________ demand during the embalming process

formaldehyde demand during the embalming process

nephrons

functional unit of the kidney, structure that produces urine in the process of removing waste and excess substance in blood

one of the only initial signs of bladder cancer is painless _____?

hematuria; blood in the urine

renal cell carcinoma is also known as?

hypernephroma

interstitial cystitis

idiopathic, recurring condition characterized by discomfort and pain in the bladder and the surrounding pelvic region symptoms are: urgent need to urinate, need to urinate up to 60 times a day, and increasing pain as the bladder fills with urine or empties; worsen during menstruation there is no cure and antibiotics are not effective

hypoplasia

incomplete development of an organ or tissue

ureteritis

inflammation of one or both of the ureters

cystitis

inflammation of the urinary bladder

urethritis

inflammatory condition of the urethra that can be caused by a variety of microorganisms symptoms: painful urination and yellow-green discharge

pyelonephritis remember: nephr means kidney

inflammatory disorder of the nephrons of the kidney caused by renal infections an infection of both the renal pelvis and the remainder of the kidney

polycystic kidney poly= more than one cyst = fluid filled sacs

inherited disorder characterized by bilateral, grapelike clusters of cysts that replace normal renal tissue. t The cysts can enlarge the size of the kidney internally and compress the nephrons inside, the compression eventually disrupts filtration of the blood and the production of urine

considering the kidney filters waste and excretes fluid by using the bloodstream's natural pressure, there are numerous potential causes of ________ failure

kidney failure

pyelonephritis is commonly referred to as a

kidney infection

renal calculi

kidney stones

ureteritis typically occurs when an infection spreads from the _________ to the ________

kidneys to the urinary bladder

bladder cancer is categorized as 4 things. what are they?

low grade high grade superficial muscle invasive

glomerulonephritis (think: nephr = kidney)

microbial inflammation of the glomerulus and the nephron

what immune system cells are present in large numbers in the glomerulus in cases of glomerulonephritis

neutrophils and monocytes

a colorless, odorless gas that is inert, it can be found in foods, organic materials, fertilizers, poisons, and explosives; it reacts with formaldehyde to form urotropin, which neutralizes the effectiveness of formaldehyde as an embalming preservative for human remains ****important key term****

nitrogen compounds

decreased urine volume / output

oliguria

renal cell carcinoma renal = kidney carcinoma =cancer that forms in epithelial tissue

originates in the epithelium of the proximal renal tubule and is the 6th leasing cause of cancer death in the US. twice as prevalent in men than in women frequently metastasizes to the lung, soft tissue, bone, liver, and brain

nephr

pertaining to the kidney

renal

pertaining to the kidney

dialysis

process of diffusing blood across a semipermeable membrane to remove toxic materials and to maintain fluid in cases of impaired kidney function or absence of kidneys.

itching

pruritus

another name for kidney infection?

pyelonephritis

what infections may cause acute renal failure?

pyelonephritis septicemia: multiplication of bacteria in the blood (blood poison)

another name for kidney stones?

renal calculi

what is the abnormal development of tissue of the kidney?

renal dysplasia

primary bladder tumors are rare but may include?

small cell carcinoma, carcinoma, lymphoma, sarcoma

hydronephrosis can be treated by inserting a __________ that allows urination; however this remedy only allows the removal of excess urine but does not treat the original cause

stint a stint is a device placed in a body structure to keep it open hydronephrosis usually results in renal / kidney failure

acute glomerulonephritis can be caused by?

streptococcal throat infections, skin infection, hepatitis, diabetes, or intravenous drug use

uremia is noticeable to the embalmer by its strong _____ and possible _________ of the tissues

strong odor and possible yellow discoloration of the tissues

most kidney stones are passed spontaneously through the liver, however ___________ may be required

surgical removal

when a persons veins are not suitable for arteriovenous fistula a carotoid artery from a cow or a ________ is implanted, known as a arteriovenous graft

synthetic graft

diseases of the urinary system are extremely important to the embalmer due to _______

the associated accumulation of nitrogen tissues in the body

because of the high nitrogenous waste levels in the remains in cases of uremia, the _______ demand is greatly increased and _________ or ________ are commonly present

the formaldehyde demand is greatly increased and dehydration and edema are commonly present.

Chronic Glomerulonephritis

the glomerulus becomes fibrous symptoms: weakness, loss of appetite, weight loss, pus in the urine, change in sensation, sleeping during the day and wakefullness at night, seizures, and tremors

renal failure

the loss of function of both kidneys

hemodialysis

the process by which waste products are filtered directly from the patient's blood circulating the blood through special filters, it moves across a semi-permeable membrane, along with solutions that help facilitate removal of toxins artificial kidney is used, there needs to be adequate access to the vascular system

ureters

the tubes that connect the kidneys to the urinary bladder

bladder cancer is typically caused by __________cell carcinomas which may appear in any part of the urinary tract, including the renal pelvis, ureter, bladder, or urethra

transitional cell carcinomas

lithotripsy

treats kidney stones through ultrasonic waves so they can be expelled in the urine or removed with an endoscope

what microscopic parasite is more likely to cause urethritis in men than women?

trichomonas

what is the urethra

tube that carries urine from the bladder to the outside of the body to the urinary bladder

renal hypoplasia

underdeveloped kidney; some people have smaller than normal kidneys. a small kidney may not be able to function due to increase in body size as person grows

a toxic condition by retention in the blood of nitrogenous waste products normally excreted in the urine

uremia

transitional cell carcinoma is most likely to occur in the?

urinary bladder

any developmental malformation of the kidneys may result in malfunction of the ____________ system

urinary system

uremia key term

urine in the blood; disorder of the urinary system caused by retention in the blood of nitrogenous waste products normally excreted in the urine

in cases of urethritis in women, the infectious microorganisms travel from the ______ to the ______

vagina to the anus

hydronephrosis nephr = kidney osis = condition hydro= water / fluid condition that occurs as a part of disease; is not a disease itself

when kidney becomes distended (swollen) due to a backup of urine may accompany pregnancy or obstruction of the renal system bilateral: when both kidneys are involved unilateral: when one kidney is involved (may not prevent any signs or symptoms)

calyces

where urine collection begins