Chapter 12: Early Food production (anthro) Part 3

domestication of squash brought out the domestication of ___________-

- bees at the same time

Bowls, spatulas, ladles, knives and spoons were made from ____________

- bone

Describe the housing in catal huyuk

- contained belt hooks, toggles and pins carved from bone

Maize was domesticated from

- teosinte, wild tall grass. - changes occurred in two genes - one related to kernal glumes (outer casing) and one related to the stalk shape.

from 6750 to 6000 BC the people increased their consumption of food plants: what happened?

- 40% of seed remains resided in hearths and refuse areas - had emmer wheat and barley - proportion of plant consumption decreased due to growth in the same season with the cultivated plants. - grazing wild sheep and goat may have also decreased wild plant growth diet.

Where was the earliest domesticated form of maize found and when ?

- 5900 B.C. found in tehuacan, mexico

remains of ali kosh (now southwestern Iran) started out in ________________ where the were living mostly on __________ and _________.

- 7500 BC; wild plants and animals

Turkeys were an important food in ____________ and _________-

- Mexico and central America

Where and when was the first earliest evidence of domestication ?

- Near East about 8000 BC

Catal Huyuk

- a wind swept plateau in the rugged, mountainous region of southern turkey stand the remains of a mud brick town.

What were the characteristics features of catal Huyuk

- around 200 houses excavated; interconnected win pueblo fashion (each flat-roofed house could hold a number of families) - walls decorated with imaginative murals and their shrines with symbolic statuary.

In peublos in the american southwest Domesticated turkeys were used for ?

- arrows, ornaments, and weaning (feathers) - bones used for tools

How did the domesticated plants get to be different from the wild varieties?

- artificial or human selection, deliberate or on purpose was required. - eg.) wheat - shattered easily - not favoured among the natural conditions (or to harvest). But tough rachi were, since they were planted. After each successive harvest seeds from plants were the least likely to be lost, tough rachi plants would dominate.

Name the variety of hand crafts that catal huyuk had

- beautifully carved wooden bowls and boxes.

Men and women also wore jewellery made up of ?

- bone, shell cooper, and used obsidian mirrors.

After about 5500 BC, the area around ali kosh showed an increase in population accomplished by ?

- by a more complex agriculture and irrigation complex agriculture and irrigation and plows drown by domesticated cattle.

Many plants growing in N. America ________, __________, ___________ were introduced in mesoamerica

- corn, squash and beans

name the first plants domesticated in the new world

- cucurbit family - includes bottle gourd and variety of squashes domesticated after 7500 B.C.

what kind of diet did the people of ali kosh have?

- cultivated emmer wheat and barley varieties. - protein was domesticated goats, young male goats = eaten, females kept for breeding. - early phases of ali kosh: depend mostly on wild plants (legumes and grasses) and wild animals (eg. gazelles, wild oxen and wild pigs), collected fishm eg.) carp and catfish, shellfish eg.) mussels and waterfowl

By 4500 BC population of the area tripled; what was the cause?

- cultural developments that collected in the rise of urban civilizations in the near east.

Describe the oldest maize cobs

- dated back to 7000 years ago - tiny, only about 3 cm long - half a dozen rows of seeds, and each seed is tiny - Both modern and ancient maize dependent on humans to reproduce.

Domestication as a whole was less important in the new world than many parts in the old world. exs')

- dogs and turkeys were mainly domesticated animals before arrival of spaniards

Domestication in the Near east:

- dogs first domesticated before the rise of agriculture around 10,000 BC - goats and sheep around 7000 BC - cattle and pigs around 6000 BC

True or false a revolution have occurred where people relied more on revolution

- false!! no revolution occurred where people needed to rely on domestication

What domesticated plants were found in Guila Naquitz cave?

- gourd and squash remains - rich in highlands - hunters and gathers planted their own near the cave to flourish = domestication of plants as a supplement to their diet.

what did Guila Naquitz people eat and how was it acquired ?

- hunted peccary with spears and spear throwers and trapped small animals eg.) rabbits. - also collected plants: prickly pear fruits, cherries, acorns, pinion nuts, agrave heart, onions, other nuts and fruits.

Physical appearances was not the only indication of domestication: what were the other indications? Included examples

- in balance in the sex and age ratios of animal remains at certain sites. eg.) in Zawi chemi shanidar in Iraq - proportion of young to mature sheep remains was higher than the ratio of young to mature sheep in wild herds. explanation: adults were kept for breeding; young were eaten.

After 5500 BC, in ali kosh (now southwestern Iran) we see an appearance in two innovations

- irrigation and the use of domesticated cattle - that caused a small increase in population.

Why did the people of mesoamerica bother domesticating then ?

- it may have been the way archaic peoples to make desirable plants more common. eg.) 1st domesticates - bottle neck gourds

several rooms were shrine rooms that have many ________________ and ______________ and _________________ other shrine room murals had scenes of __________ and __________

- large bull murals and slay bull figurines and full size clay cattles on the walls. - life and death; painted in black and red.

Farming in catal huyuk was also very advanced: grains included:

- lentils, wheat, barley and peas, grown in quantities.

origins of root crops manioc and sweet potato were probably originated in

- low land tropical regions of south america

What were the advantages of planting bean, maize, and squash together ?

- maize takes nitrogen from the soil - beans like legumes put nitrogen back - maize stalk provides pole for bean plant to twine around. - low growing squash can grow around the base of the tall maize plant - beans supply amino acid lysine.

People who lived in mesoamerica , mexico and central america invented planting ________, ___________ and __________- together

- maize, bean and squash

Define domestication

- modification or adaption of plants (must be cultivated) and animals (raised) for human use.

Domestication outside mesoamerica includes .. ?

- new world south america and the eastern united states.

What kind of material, and tools did Catal huyuk have ?

- obsidian and flint daggers, spear heads, lave heads, scrapers, awls, and sickle blades.

ali kosh (now southwestern Iran) when did agriculture and irrigation become incredibly important ?

- over the next 2000 years not until 5500 BC

the line between food collecting and food producing occurs when ?

- people began to plant crops and to keep and breed animals

In meso america how was food acquired?

- people planted seeds, then they would go off to hunt somewhere else (seasonal rounds). They'd come back later to harvest their crops.

define cultivation

- plant crops

We can trace 200 domesticated plants to the Andres of america in south america. Give some examples

- potatoes lime beans, peanuts, amaranth and quinoa?

Why did north american agriculturalists switch to corn?

- quantity was large - time of harvest and effort required by people.

Did ali kosh (now southwestern Iran) have a trade network , if so, indicated what items were involved in the trade network

- seashells - from the persian gulf - cooper - from what is now central iran - obsidian came from eastern turkey - turquoise - border between iran and Afghanistan *some material was worn by both sexes*

A different pattern of domestication occurred in meso america what was it ?

- semi- nomadic archaic hunting and gathering occurred long after people 1st domesticated.

From 7500 to 6750 BC, the people of ali kosh (now southwestern Iran), cut small ______________________ to make multi room structures.

- slabs of raw clay from the ground.

Describe the people who inhabited Guila Naquitz

- small groups of people (individual families) - at a time, lived here periodically and seasonally over 2000 years (ca. 8900 B.C-6700 B.C) Period where plants were domesticated.

Describe the multiroom structures

- small, seldom, more then 2.1 metres by 3 metre - are not houses ! Most likely used as storage rooms however possibly in their early phases have slept here. - people at ali kosh may have moved during the summer - to to nearby mountain valleys

maize outside of north america had other uses which include:

- subartic great lakes maize residue found in pottery. - probably used socially - may be used as a gift to maintain alliances.

Name the three seed plants that domesticated independently in N. america

- sunflower seeds, sumpweed = good source of iron and calcium, and goosefoot

what is the difference between teosinte and maize?

- teosinte stalks - have a spike, to which 7-12 individual seeds are attached in one row. Each seed has a brittle shell. maize stalks - with many seeds attached in one row. entire maize comb is covered with a tough husk .

What is the assumption that can be made by plants found in areas where there is no naturally growing ancestral form ?

- they have been brought there by humans = domestication

the multrooms increased in size in 6750 to 6000 BC: how else did they change?

- thicker walls - the clay slab bricks were now held together with mortar. - stamped-mud house floors now had mats

Where was the Guila Naquitz cave located ?

- thorn forest of upper piedmont above the floor of the valley of Oaxaca

List the other common early domesticates from highland mesoamerica

- tomato - cotton - variety of beans - squashes - maize

True or false population growth only occurred in in and around ali kosh but not near the east after domestication

- true

flint tools in ali kosh features

- used during the early phases of ali kosh - varied and abundant - 10% found from chipped blade was obsidian, a volcanic glass - people of ali kosh must have had contact with others to obtain obsidian.

how did guila Naquitz show early domestication?

- was excavated and it shows a good picture of early domestication in highland mesoamerica.

Give 2 examples of plant domestication

- wild rachi - the seed bearing part of the stem - shatters easily, releasing seeds. Domesticated grains have tough rachi - don't shatter easily. - domesticated plants have larger seeds than their wild ancestors.

Domesticated animals varied in ________________

- wild types; physical characteristics* - horns of wild goats in the near east are shaped differently from those of domesticated goats.

In regards to ali kosh (now southwestern Iran) village, how many people lived in the village?

100

define neolithic

New Stone Age - the presence of domesticated plants and animals.