Chapter 12 - Gender & Sexuality

At what percent per year does testosterone production decline in middle aged men?

1 percent

____ in ____ were unaware of their HIV infection in 2018.

1, 7

How many people in the US were living with an HIV infection in 2018?

1.2 Million

What are the average ages for first marriage for men and women?

30.1 years for men, 28.3 years for women

What percentage of US girls had their first intercourse by age 17?

47

Gender stereotyping is more prevalent in which age group?

6- to -7 year olds

What percent of rape victims do not acknowledge that they have been raped?

60

What percentage of US boys had their first intercourse by age 17?

64

Daughters of teenage mothers are ____ percent more likely to become teenage mothers themselves.

66

Sexual contact between two men accounted for ____ percent of new HIV infections.

69

What is the probability of males and females having sex by age 20?

77 and 79

What percentage of college women knew their perpetrator?

84

_____ report being the most sexually active. ____ have the most restrictive sexual timetable.

African American males. Asian American adolescents.

What are the three theories that reflect the social scientist view?

Alice Eagly's social role theory, the psychoanalytic theory of gender, and social cognitive theory of gender.

What did a recent study of 3- to 4-year-olds and 6-to 7-year-olds find about gender stereotyping?

Boys are more likely to engage in gender stereotyping, especially with masculine stimuli such as toys, and to be sanctioned for not conforming to gender stereotypes.

Chlamydia

Caused by bacteria. Females may become infertile.

Why do developmentalists disagree with the psychoanalytic theory of gender?

Children become gender-typed much earlier than 5 to 6 years old and the become masculine or feminine even when a same-sex parent is not present in the family.

Gonorrhea

Commonly called the "drip" or "clap." Caused by bacteria. Spread by contact between infected moist membranes of two individuals. Characterized by discharge and painful urination. Can lead to infertility.

What is the difference between David Buss' and Alice Eagly's arguments?

David Buss argues that gender differences are a result of evolutionary adaptation and Alice Eagly argues that gender differences are the result of social conditions.

The rates at which individuals are having sexual intercourse during adolescence or prior to age 13 are ____.

Decreasing

Fathers' socialization strategies

Fathers pay more attention to sons than to daughters, engage in more activities with sons, and put forth more effort to promote sons' intellectual development.

Condoms and dental dams are most effective in preventing what?

Gonorrhea, syphilis, chlamydia, and HIV.

What are some areas where men's roles can cause considerable strain?

Health, relationships between men and women, relationships between men,

Which parts of the body produce androgens?

In males and females, the adrenal glands. In males only, the testes.

A higher fetal testosterone level measured from amniotic fluid was linked to what?

Increased traditional masculine play, such as increased aggression, in 6- to 10-year-old boys and girls.

Describe the difference between the way mothers and fathers react to their infants' distress.

Mother's tend to protect them from their distress and fathers are more likely to assist them in coping with frustration.

Mothers' socialization strategies

Mothers socialize their daughters to be more obedient and responsible than their sons. They also place more restrictions on daughters' autonomy.

What does evolutionary psychology emphasize?

That adaptation during the evolution of humans produced psychological differences between men and women.

What did a longitudinal study regarding the acquisition of gender labes in infancy and their implications for gender-typed play reveal?

That gender identity likely emerges before children are 2 years old.

What do evolutionary psychologists argue?

That primarily because of their differing roles in reproduction, men and women faced different pressures in primeval environments when the human species was evolving, conditioning men to favor short-term mating strategies and conditioning women to favor long-term mating strategies.

A very large-scale study of more than 7 million US students in grades 2 through 11 revealed what about math scores for boys and girls?

That there were no differences between the scores

What do social scientists argue about the cause of psychological gender differences in biological dispositions?

That these differences can be traced to social experiences.

What are the two main sexual scripts for men?

a traditional "player" script and a script that emphasized mutual sexual pleasure.

How much body fat do females have in comparison to males?

about twice the amount

Girls engage in more relational aggression than boys in ____ but not in ____.

adolescence, childhood

What are do the most established effects of testosterone on humans involve?

aggressive behavior and sexual behavior.

In a recent study of preschool children, gender differences favored girls for a broad range of pre-academic and cognitive skills, including what?

attention, language, and literacy

Girls earn ____ grades and complete high school at a ____ rate than boys.

better, higher

The interactions mothers have with their children often center on what?

caregiving and teaching activities.

Syphilis

caused by bacteria. Characterized by the appearance of a sore where syphilis entered the body. Later, a skin rash breaks out on palms of hands and bottom of feet. If not treated, can eventually lead to paralysis or even death.

Social cognitive theory of gender

children's gender development occurs through observation and imitation, and through the rewards and punishments children experience for gender-appropriate and gender-appropriate behavior.

What are symptoms of perimenopause?

depressed feelings, headaches, moodiness, and heart palpitations

When verbal aggression is examined, gender differences typically ____.

disappear

Boys receive ____ and ____ intense gender socialization than girls do.

earlier, more

In a recent study, sexual minority reports of past-year general discrimination, victimization, and health care discrimination peaked in ____ and also in ____.

early adulthood, middle adulthood

Which STI is becoming increasingly resistant to antibiotic treatments?

gonnorhea

3 year olds with ____ prenatal testosterone had shorter delay of gratification times and more attention problems.

higher

A recent study found that androgynous boys and girls had ____ self-esteem and ____ internalizing problems than masculine and feminine individuals.

higher, fewer

Boys who play sports engage in a ____ level of sexual risk-taking and girls who play sports engage in a ____ level of sexual risk taking.

higher, lower

What are symptoms of menopause?

hot flashes, nausea, fatigue, rapid heartbeat

When does relational aggression increase?

in middle and late childhood

The higher testosterone levels in fathers was linked to what?

increased child maltreatment, more negative parenting, and less positive parenting.

The interactions fathers have with their children often center on what?

leisure activities

Androgens promote the growth of

long bones.

One study revealed that both boys and girls who engaged in extreme gender-typed behaviors had ____ levels of school engagement and school attachment.

lower

Sexual behavior is ruled by ____ and ____ for most Americans.

marriage and monogamy

Men become ____ feminine as they get older.

more

Mothers are ____ involved with their children and adolescents than are fathers.

more

Women are ____ likely to change their sexual patterns and desires than men are.

more

What are the largest differences between men and women identified by Janet Hyde?

motor skills, sexuality, physical aggression

More youth engage in ____ sex than ____ sex.

oral, vaginal

As many as 75 percent of the erectile dysfunctions in middle-aged men stem from ____.

physiological problems

Gender-nonconforming girls are ____ more than gender-conforming girls.

preferred

Estrogens

primarily influence the development of the female physical sex characteristics and help regulate the menstrual cycle. An important estrogen is estradiol. In females, estrogens are produced mainly by the ovaries.

Androgens

primarily promote the development of male genitals and secondary sex characteristics. One important androgen is testosterone.

Gender-typing

refers to acquisition of a traditional masculine or feminine role.

Traditional religious script

sex is acceptable only within marriage.

Romantic script

sex is synonymous with love

For human males, higher androgen levels are associated with what?

sexual motivation and orgasm frequency

Overall gender differences in communication between men and women are ____.

small

Gender schema theory

states that gender-typing emerges as children gradually develop gender schemas of what is gender-appropriate and gender-inappropriate in their culture.

Gender-intensification hypothesis

states that psychological and behavioral differences between boys and girls become greater during early adolescence because of increased pressure to conform.

Alice Eagly's social role theory

states that psychological gender differences result from the contrasting roles of women and men.

Psychoanalytic theory of gender

stems from Sigmund Freud's view that the preschool child develops a sexual attraction to the opposite-sex parent.

Sexual Scripts

stereotyped patters of expectations for how people should behave sexually

Males have higher levels of ____, which cause faster ____ and higher ____.

stress hormones, clotting, blood pressure

Report talk

talk that is designed to give information.

Climacteric

term used to describe the midlife transition in which fertility declines

Rapport talk

the language of conversation; it is a way of establishing connections and negotiating relationships.

perimenopause

the transitional period from normal menstrual periods to no menstrual periods at all. Often takes up to 10 years.

What happens when children play with their peers in gender-stereotypical ways that are deemed culturally appropriate?

their peers reward them

Testosterone replacement therapy

treatment that involves administering testosterone supplements through pills, injections, or skin patches

Male hypogonadism

used to describe a condition in which the body does not produce enough testosterone

Evolutionary psychologists say that men evolved dispositions that favor ____, ____, and ____.

violence, competition, and risk taking.

Relational aggression

harming another person through the manipulation of relationships

How much taller are males in comparison to females?

10 percent taller

The number of AIDS-related deaths is ____.

decreasing

What are criticisms of evolutionary psychology?

that its hypotheses are backed by speculations about prehistory, not evidence, and that in any event people are not locked into behavior that was adaptive in the evolutionary past.