Chapter 12 Homework

Approximately what percent of fluid that exits the capillaries at the arterial end re-enters the capillaries at the venous end?

90%

When atrial pressure is greater than ventricular pressure, the ______________ valves open. ______________ pull down on the ______________ during each contraction to close the AV valves. In AV valve prolapse, these muscles become detached, and both valves and blood fly up into the atrium during systole.

atrioventricular, papillary muscles, chordae tendinae

When ventricular pressure rises above atrial pressure, the blood in the ventricle ______________ the atrioventricular valves. When the pressure in the ______________ becomes greater than the pressure in the arteries, the semilunar valves are forced open. When ventricular pressure is lower than ______________ pressure, the arterial blood pushes down onto the cup-like semilunar valves to close them. Most humans have two sets of AV valve flaps and papillary muscles on the left side, and three on the right. Hence the right AV valve is called the ______________ valve.

closes, ventricles, arterial, tricuspid

n particular, ________________ can occur if the left side of the heart is damaged from a myocardial infarction. The heart is no longer able to pump from the left side and the blood will back up into the ________________ circuit. Lastly, the blood vessels can also be affected and the incidence of ________________ veins increases with age. This condition can also increase the risk for a blood clot or ________________ to form. This can be very dangerous and lead to death if the clot gets trapped in a major artery of the body.

congestive heart failure, pulmonary, varicose, thromboembolism

Blood flow is regulated in all three types of blood vessels through _______________ and dilation. Contraction of blood vessels _______________ blood flow, while _______________ of blood vessels, or dilation, allows free flow of blood. Muscle fibers control the constriction and dilation of vessels. In the capillaries, rings of muscle called capillary _______________ control blood flow. Veins are often regulated with _______________, which prevent backward blood flow, allowing blood to flow only _______________ the heart.

constriction, slows, relaxation, sphincters, valves, toward

Identify the correct sequence of blood flow.

left ventricle, arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venules, veins

Blood pressure moves fluids ___________ the capillaries and into the tissues. Osmotic pressure moves ___________ from the tissues into the capillaries. At the arterial end of a capillary, ___________ is highest, and water and other fluids exit the vessel. At the venous end of a capillary, ___________ is highest, and water and other fluids move into the vessel.

out of, water, blood pressure, osmotic pressure

Which of the following functions does the cardiovascular system perform? (Select all that apply)

1.) blood pressure 2.)delivery of nutrients to body cells

The following are characteristics of systolic blood pressure: (Select all that apply)

1.)The highest arterial pressure 2.)Normal level is 120 mm Hg 3.)Reached during ejection of blood from the heart

Which of the following describe coronary artery disease? (Select all that apply)

1.)There can be a decrease delivery of oxygen as a result 2.)It can be caused by hypertrophy or enlargement of myocardium 3.)Another name for it is ischemic heart disease

The following are descriptors of the Systemic Circuit circulatory route: (Select all that apply)

1.)aorta 2.) inferior and superior vena cava 3.)exchange of oxygen out of the blood and carbon dioxide into the blood 4.)renal vein 5.)femoral artery

Which of the following describe the electrocardiogram the QRS Complex? (Select all that apply)

1.)atrial depolarization 2.)ventricular depolarization 3.)if counted within a minute, often used to determine heart rate

Which of the following can be palpated, or felt, to determine a person's pulse? (Select all that apply).

1.)behind the knee 2.)side of the neck 3.)in the armpit or axillary region

Which of the following conditions are likely to increase with age? (Select all that apply)

1.)increased blood pressure 2.)increase in varicose veins 3.)increased thickness of valves

The following are descriptors of the Atrioventricular Valves (AV): (Select all that apply)

1.)located between the atria and ventricles 2.)tricuspid valve 3.) bicuspid or mitral valve

The following are descriptors and/or causes of Hypotension: (Select all that apply)

1.)low blood pressure 2.)hemorrhage 3.)excessive vomiting and/or diarrhea 4.)shock 5.)orthostatic, or going from a seated to standing position can cause this immediate reaction

The following are descriptors of the Pulmonary Circuit circulatory route: (Select all that apply)

1.)pulmonary arteries 2.)exchange of carbon dioxide out of the blood and oxygen into the blood 3.)pulmonary capillaries 4.)pulmonary veins

Which of the following statements are TRUE about veins? (Select all that apply)

1.)return blood to the hear 2.)have valves that regulate the flow of blood

The following are descriptors and/or causes of Hypertension: (Select all that apply)

1.)weight gain 2.)high blood pressure 3.)nicotine or smoking 4.)vasoconstriction or decrease in blood vessel diameter 5.)increased sodium intake

Action potentials are carried by the Purkinje fibers from the bundle branches to the ventricular walls.

False

Heart rate and stroke volume decrease under decreased parasympathetic stimulation.

False

Atherosclerosis is a specific type of arteriosclerosis.

True

Decreasing with distance from the left ventricle is true of both systolic and diastolic blood pressure?

True

Hypotension refers to low blood pressure (85 mm Hg/35 mm Hg) and Hypertension refers to high blood pressure (145 mm Hg/90 mm Hg). Normal blood pressure is 110 mm Hg/75 mm Hg.

True

In the ventricles, the action potential travels along the interventricular septum to the apex of the heart, where it then spreads superiorly along the ventricular walls.

True

Which of the following is true concerning the heart conduction system?

action potentials pass slowly through the atrioventricular node

When the ventricle contracts, blood is forced into the _____________ and then into the other systemic arteries under pressure. Systolic pressure results from blood being forced into the _____________ during ventricular systole, and diastolic pressure is the pressure during ventricular diastole. As blood flows from the aorta into the arteries and arterioles, blood pressure _____________. Also, the difference between systolic and diastolic pressure gradually _____________.

aorta, arteries, falls, diminishes

Blood pressure is highest when it leaves the heart by way of the ______________. In contrast, the lowest blood pressure is when the heart returns by way of the ______________ . Since blood pressure ______________ during systole and diastole, a mean arterial blood pressure (or MABP) is calculated. The MABP averages the cardiac output and the ______________. Therefore, if there is an increase in heart rate, stroke volume or size of the blood ______________, the book pressure will change. Additionally, if the blood vessel length increases, this could result in an ______________ in blood pressure as well.

aorta, inferior and superior vena cavas, fluctuates, peripheral resistance, vessel diameter, increase

The cardiovascular system performs four main functions: first, ______________ of the heart generate blood pressure, which moves blood through the ______________. Second, the blood vessels ______________ blood from the heart into arteries, capillaries, and veins. Then, blood returns to the heart to complete the ______________. Third, gas ______________ occurs in the capillaries, where oxygen is dropped off for the cells, and CO2 and wastes are picked up. Finally, the heart and blood vessels ______________ blood flow, according to the needs of the body.

contractions, vessels, transport, circuit, exchange, regulate

How would the baroreceptors attempt to decrease blood pressure if it rises above normal levels?

decrease heart rate and dilate arterioles

The hepatic portal vein connects the capillary beds of the ___________ to a capillary bed in the ___________. Blood in the hepatic portal vein is rich in glucose, amino acids, and nutrients absorbed by the ___________, but is oygn-___________. The liver stores glucose as ___________, and amino acids are either used to manufacture ___________, or stored as well. The liver purifies the blood, ridding it of ___________ and pathogens that have entered the body via intestinal capillaries. After filtration in the liver, blood is returned to the inferior vena cava via the hapatic ___________.

digestive tract, liver, small intestine, poor, glycogen, proteins, toxins, vein

The blood from the chambers ________________ nourish the cardiac muscle fibers. The heart itself depends on ________________ embedded in the heart wall to delivery ________________ and remove ________________. The left and right coronary ________________ deliver the blood from the aorta to the heart. They continue to branch and rebranch as they encircle the heart. When coronary arteries become ________________ they can form alternate routes to maintain blood flow. This can happen when a condition called ________________ occurs. The blood from the heart itself will form cardiac veins, which deliver it back to the right atrial chamber of the heart through a thin-walled vein called the cardiac ________________.

do not, capillaries, nutrients, wastes, arteries, obstructed, atherosclerosis, sinus

The cardiovascular system works closely with other systems to maintain homeostasis. The heart, for example, and its ability to pump the blood throughout the body helps to maintain blood _______________. When blood pressure drops below homeostatic levels, the brain's regulatory center will cause that _______________ to increase and blood vessels to _______________. The endocrine system also has an effect on the heart when it comes to blood pressure and will trigger the release of the hormones _______________ and _______________ as well as ADH, aldosterone and ANH. The blood returns back to the heart through the interaction of the _______________ and respiratory muscles. These actions help to maintain what is called venous _______________ or the blood then brought back to the heart to be pumped to the lungs for oxygenation. Lastly, the blood, although produced elsewhere in the body, is important for regulating body _______________, blood pH and transporting oxygen and carbon dioxide.

pressure, heart rate, constrict, epinephrine, norepinephrine, skeletal, return, temperature

In the heart, an action potential originates in the...

sinoatrial node

The sequence of travel by and action potential through the heart is...

sinoatrial node, atrioventricular node, atrioventricular bundle, bundle branches, Purkinje fibers

Human blood pressure, or the amount of pressure required to stop the flow of blood through an artery, is measured with a _____________. Blood pressure is expressed in millimeters of _____________. The reading consists of two numbers that represent systolic and diastolic pressures, respectively; for example, 120/80. Blood pressure in the veins is low and by itself is an inefficient means of moving blood back to the heart, especially from the limbs. When _____________ muscles near veins contract, they put pressure on the veins and the blood they contain. _____________ prevent the backward flow of blood in veins, and therefore muscle contraction is sufficient to move blood toward the heart.

sphygmomanometer, mercury, veins, skeletal, valves

Cardiac output (CO) is determined by heart rate and _______________. The average resting cardiac output for an average human being is _______________. This means that the heart pumps enough blood throughout both the systemic and _______________ circuits and delivers the needed blood to the entire body at rest. The area of the brain that regulates cardiac output is known as the cardiovascular control center specifically in the _______________. Anything that raises the _______________ and/or stroke volume will cause an increase in the cardiac output.

stroke volume, 5,250 mL, pulmonary, medulla oblongata, heart rate

The fluids leave the capillaries at the arterial end because....

the net filtration pressure of the blood is higher at the arterial end than it is at the venous end

The heart is composed of ___________ layers. The outermost layer is called the ___________ or the ___________ serous pericardium. The thick center part of the heart is called the ___________ and is made up of cardiac muscle. The innermost layer is the ___________ and is a single layer of ___________ epithelium. The inner most layer of the heart is the same lining found in ___________ as well.

three, epicardium, visceral, myocardium, endocardium, squamous, blood vessels

The cardiovascular system has ______________ main components. The first component is the ______________, which pumps blood. The second are the blood ______________, through which blood flows.

two, heart, vessels

The effects of aging on the cardiovascular system can be numerous. Although a healthy lifestyle can help prevent, or lessen the effects, it is common for the ________________ of the heart to thicken and get stiff. The heart muscle also loses some of its ability to generate force, and thus heart rate and ________________ of contraction will decline. Myocardial infarction and other diseases related to ________________ increase with age.

valves, forcefulness, atherosclerosis

The atrioventricular (AV) valves open during ______________.

ventricular diastole

The semilunar valves close during ______________.

ventricular diastole