Chapter 12

Sir Francis Drake

-One of Elizabeth I's famous seamen -His circumnavigation of the globe between 1577-1580 was one in a series of dramatic demonstrations of English ascendancy on the high seas. -He began to prey regularly on Spanish shipping in the Americas.

Maximilan of Bavaria

-Organized a Catholic League -Created the Catholic League to counter a new Protestant alliance -This alliance mentioned above had been formed in the same year under the leadership of Calvinist Elector Palatine, Frederick IV

politique

-Rulers who converted or changed their ways to avoid conflict -Famous politiques include Elizabeth I of England and Henry IV -The following rulers were the opposites of politiques: Mary I of England, Philip II of Spain, Oliver Cromwell --> they ruled without religious compromise and they were unsuccessful rulers.

Mary I

-She married Philip (later Philip II) --> this was a Catholic Union that was very unpopular. -She reverted to Catholicism and repealed Protestant acts in England. -She executed Protestants and she was very brutal.

Mary Queen of Scots

-She was the daughter of James V of Scotland and Mary of Guise. -She was not liked by John Knox. -She surrendered her throne to her one year old son, James VI. -She was put on house arrest for 19 years. -She was executed by Elizabeth I.

Elizabeth I

-She was the half sister of Mary I. -She was a politique. -She built her empire upon Mary I's ruins. -She wanted to avoid conflict, halfway between Catholics and Protestants.

Spanish Armada

-Spanish armada defeated by English and the Netherlands' ships -England and Netherlands' ships were swifter ("English Wind") -The defeat of the Spanish Armada gave hope to the Protestant resistance. -Spain never fully recovered from the defeat.

Catherine de Medicis

-The mother of Francis II, Charles IX, and Henri III --> she controlled them for the most part. -She played both sides in the French Civil War. -She developed a reputation for cruelty. -Played a significant role in the St. Bartholomew's Day Massacre.

William of Nassau (William of Orange)

-"The Silent" --> member of council in the Netherlands and led stubborn opposition to the Spanish overlords with Count of Egmont -After St. Bartholomew's Day Massacre, he became a Calvinist. -He was exiled in Germany --> leader for independence of Netherlands from Spain

Act of Supremacy

-(1559) Repealed all the anti-Protestant legislation of Mary Tudor. -It also asserted Elizabeth's rights as "Supreme Governor" over both spiritual and temporal affairs. -It was meant to balance out England.

Cardinal Granvelle

-(Antoine Perrenot) headed the Council of Margaret of Parma in the Netherlands after Philip II left. -wanted to establish a centralized royal government from Madrid in the Netherlands. -He began to reorganize the Netherlands --> William of Orange and Egmont organized the Dutch nobility in opposition and threw Cardinal Granvelle out of office.

On the Right of Magistrates Over Their Subjects

-A book by Theodore Beza (1574) -One of the three major works that had classical Huguenot theories of resistance. -It went beyond Calvin's views --> justified the correction and even the overthrow of tyrannical rulers by lower authorities.

The Guises

-A family that supported one side in the French Civil War -They led Catholics in Northern France. -Catherine de Medici supported them in the first phase. -They lost in the end.

The Compromise

-A solemn pledge to resist the decrees of Trent and the Inquisition. -Political and religious opposition the Regent Margaret's government --> opposition resulted from Philip II's unwise insistence on trying to enforce the decrees of the Council of Trent throughout the Netherlands. -Louis of Nassau opposed with support from the Calvinist-inclined lesser nobility and townspeople. -Rebellion followed when Margaret's government called protesters ("beggars") Calvinist rioters.

Baroque

-A style of art marked by heavy and dramatic ornamentation and curved rather than straight lines that flourished between 1550-1750. -This type of art was especially associated with Counter Reformation. -Some famous artists who painted in this style were Peter Paul Rubens and Gianlorenzo Bernini.

The Pacification of Ghent

-After Requesens' death, Spanish mercenaries ran amok in Antwerp, killing 7,000 --> known as the Spanish Fury -10 largely Catholic southern provinces came together with 7 largely Protestant northern provinces in unified opposition to Spain. -The union above (The Pacification of Ghent- Nov. 8, 1576) declared internal regional sovereignty in matters of religion --> key clause that permitted political cooperation among signatories, who weren't agreed over religion.

Duke of Alba

-After the Compromise, full scale rebellions against the Spanish regency appeared imminent after riots. -Philip II asked the Duke of Alba to suppress the revolt so Alba brought a 10,000 men and began a reign of terror. -Persecutions and taxations in Netherlands made him hated.

St. Bartholomew's Day Massacre

-Catherine de Medicis supported this and convinced her son to do it. -In 3 days, 20,000 Huguenots were executed. -Pope Gregory XIII and Philip II of Spain celebrated this.

Catholic League

-Created by Maximilian of Bavaria -Organized to counter a new Protestant alliance -The Protestant Alliance mentioned above had been formed in the same year under the leadership of Calvinist Elector Palatine, Frederick IV.

Henry of Navarre

-He took throne, stopped Huguenot persecution, defeated Catholic League, and became Henry IV. -He ended Spanish interference in France. -He converted to Catholicism for compromise and peace. -"Paris is worth a mass." --> He was a politique. -He passed the Edict of Nantes (1598) which granted religious rights to Huguenots but it did not grant religious rights to all.

John Knox

-He was an exiled Scottish Reformer. -Mary of Guise, regent of Scotland, and Mary I of England crushed his cause. -He laid the groundwork for Calvinist resistance. -In his book, First Blast of the Trumpet Against the Terrible Regiment of Women, he declared that the removal of a heathen tyrant must be done --> He had the Catholic Queen of England in mind.

Philip II of Spain

-He was heir to the Catholic and military supreme western Habsburg kingdom. -Charles V was his dad and Ferdinand I was his uncle. -Under Philip II, Spain annexed Portugal and gained access to their empires in Africa, India, and the Americas. -He had no success in the Netherlands.

Age of Religious Wars

-In this era, religious conflicts between Protestants and Catholics and dynastic rivalries fueled wars. -A major war of the time was the Thirty Years War. -The French Wars of Religion also occurred during this time.

The Sea Beggars

-International group of anti-Spanish exiles and criminals, many Englishmen among them -William of Orange enlisted their services. -They captured seaports and sparked rebellions against Alba. *Port of Brill*

Spanish Supremacy in the Mediterranean

-May 1571: Holy League of Spain, Venice, Genoa, and the pope, under Don John's command, went to check Turkish belligerence in the Mediterranean. -In battle, one third of the Turkish fleet was sunk/captured and 30,000 Turks died. -Philip's armies suppressed resistance in neighboring Portugal.

Stadholder

-Means governor -William of Orange became the Stadholder in Holland, Zuland, and Utrecht. -These places became his base.

Conde and Coligny

-They became the political leaders of the French Protestant resistance. There was a collaboration to kidnap Francis II (Bourbon Louis I of Conde and Montgomery-Chatillon adminal Gaspard de Coligny.) -They were condemned conspirators by Calvin --> Conde's Calvinist wide made him convert. -Their military organization merged with religious organization of French Huguenot churches --> this benefited political and religious opposers.

Huguenots

-They were French Protestants. -They were under surveillance in France after Luther's pamphlets began to circulate. -The capture of King Francis I provided a motive for Huguenot prosecution.

Puritans

-They were Protestants working within the national church. -They wanted to purify the national church of every vestige of "popery." -They wanted to make its Protestant doctrine more precise. -They had grievance against Elizabeth I of England.

Congregationalists

-They were extreme Puritans. -They put their group/assembly above any one individual -They preferred an ecclesiastical policy that allows each congregation to be self-governing/autonomous.

Peace of Saint Germain-en-Laye

-This ended the Third War (1570) -The crown acknowledged the power of the Protestant nobility. -The crown granted Huguenots religious freedoms within their territories and the right to fortify their cities.

Counter-Reformation

-This was in response to opposition to the Catholic Church. -Church Reforms and New Religious Orders -Theatines were created in 1524 to groom devout and reform-minded at church hierarchy. -Capuchins were created in 1528 sought to return to ideals of St. Francis. -Other groups were Somaschi, Barnabites, Ursulines (a women group), Oratorians.

The Independence of the Netherlands

-William of Orange declared the Netherlands need no longer obey Philip II. -He turned to French duke of Alencon, but deposed him. -Philip II meddled with France and Britain and overextended Spain's resources, strengthened the Netherlands, Spanish in England and France allowed soldiers to be driven out. -France and Britain recognized their independence and fully recognized with peace of Westphalia.

39 Articles

-Written in 1536 -It was a revision of Thomas Cranmer's original 42 Articles. -It made a moderate Protestantism the official religion within the Church of England.

Four Period of the Thirty Years War

1) BOHEMIAN PHASE -Ferdinand II becomes Holy Roman Emperor and borrows an army from Bavaria. He lost his lands while fighting. Rebellion in Bohemia inspired others. He refused to tolerate Protestants --> Defenestration of Prague 2) DANISH PHASE -Ferdinand II tries to crush Protestants in the North Edict of Restitution --> restored to Catholics all land lost since 1552, deprived all Protestants, except Lutherans, of their religious and political rights 3) SWEDISH PHASE -France and Sweden now get involved --> both want to stop Habsburg power. Sweden led the charge and France provided support. Gustavus Adolphus invaded the Holy Roman Empire. German princes still feared Ferdinand II. Wallentstein was assassinated to appease them. 4) FRENCH PHASE -France and Sweden switch roles. All countries in Europe now participated. *This was the most destructive phase.* German towns were decimated --> agriculture collapsed, there was famine and inflation, and trade became crippled.