Chapter 12. Nervous System III: Senses cancel save
List three characteristics of pain receptors.
-they are nociceptors -they are sensitive to tissue damage -they are lacking in the brain
Match each arrow to the correct structure.
A. incus B. semicircular canal C. round window D. malleus E. stapes
Match each letter with the correct structure.
A. sclera B. choroid coat C. rod D. cone E. ganglion cell
Match each arrow with the correct structure.
A. tympanic membrane B. auricle C. external acoustic meatus D. auditory tube E. vestibule
True or false: Receptors for the general senses are very localized, and found in the skin only.
False
Arrow ___ is indicating the auditory tube; arrow ___ is indicating the external acoustic meatus.
D C
Taste ___ serve as the organs of taste.
buds
What is the cornea?
The transparent part of the outer (fibrous) layer of the eye.
What happens to the tympanic membrane when sound waves pass down the external acoustic meatus?
The tympanic membrane vibrates.
What is the function of proprioceptors?
They detect body position and the state of skeletal muscle contraction.
True or false: The extrinsic eye muscles are considered accessory organs of the eye.
True
Sound travels in waves. The higher the waves (the greater the amplitude), the ______ the sound.
louder
What is the yellow patch of cells in the central region of the retina called?
macula lutea
The three auditory ossicles are the ___, ___, and ___.
malleus; incus; stapes
Olfactory receptors are ______.
chemoreceptors
Receptors are classified based on their sensitivity to different types of stimuli. The five main types of receptors are ___, pain receptors, ___, mechanoreceptors, and photoreceptors.
chemoreceptors thermoreceptors
Olfactory receptors are a type of receptor called ______ that sense ______.
chemoreceptors; chemicals dissolved in liquid
The vascular tunic of the eye includes the ___ coat, the ___ body, and the iris.
choroid; ciliary
Arrow D is pointing to a type of photoreceptor called a ___; arrow C is pointing to a type of photoreceptor called a ___.
cone rod
The photoreceptors that provide color vision are called ___ cells; the ones that provide black/gray/white vision are called ___ cells.
cone rod
The retina is continuous with the ___ nerve in the back of the eye. It extends forward as the lining the inner surface of the eyeball ending at the ___ body.
optic; ciliary
List the special senses.
smell, taste, hearing, equilibrium, sight
Receptors for the ______ senses are specialized and are confined to structures in the head such as the eyes and ears.
special
The senses that are classified as the ___ senses include the senses of smell, taste, hearing, equilibrium, and sight.
special
The ___ organ (organ of Corti) contains the hearing receptors in the cochlea.
spiral
Which structure contains the hearing receptor cells and converts mechanical sound waves to electrical signals?
spiral organ
The feeling of balance is the product of two senses: ___ equilibrium and ___ equilibrium
static dynamic
The sense of ___ equilibrium maintains the stability of the head and body when they are motionless. The sense of ___ equilibrium balances the head and the body when they are suddenly moved or rotated.
static dynamic
The specialized organs responsible for gustation are called ___ ___.
taste buds
The ___ membrane is attached to the bony shelf of the cochlea and extends as an overhang above the hair cells in the spiral organ.
tectorial
Name the receptor cells that are responsible for the sense of hearing.
hair cells
Which structure is located in the spiral organ, where it is attached to the bony shelf of the cochlea and extends like an overhang above the hair cells?
the tectorial membrane
Which structure of the outer ear vibrates back and forth, transferring the sound wave vibrations to the middle ear?
the tympanic membrane
Sound waves that enter the external acoustic meatus cause the ___ membrane to vibrate back and forth, reproducing the vibrations of the sound-wave source.
tympanic
List three components of the outer ear.
tympanic membrane, external acoustic meatus, auricle
The ___ humor is a jelly-like substance located between the lens and the retina of the eyeball.
vitreous
After light passes through the lens, it goes through the ______ before hitting the retina.
vitreous body
The cochlea and the semicircular canals are the two parts of the ______.
labyrinth
Choose two types of receptors that sense touch and pressure.
lamellated (Pacinian) corpuscles free nerve endings
The posterior cavity of the eye is a larger space bounded by the ciliary body, the ___, and the ___.
lens retina
The posterior cavity is the largest compartment of the eye and is bounded by what three structures?
lens ciliary body retina
Choose three structures of the eye that refract light rays.
lens cornea vitreous humor
The vitreous body is a jelly-like substance located between what two structures of the eye?
lens and the retina
What area of the retina is lacking photoreceptors and is referred to as the blind spot?
the optic disc
What is the meaning of the word root aud- (as in auditory)?
to hear
Choose all true statements about the sensory receptors responsible for the general senses.
-They are widespread in the body. -They are associated with the viscera. -They are found throughout the skin.
Which two groups of neurons in the retina allow information to pass laterally between retinal cells, thereby modifying the pattern of impulses conducted on the fibers of the direct pathway?
-amacrine cells -horizontal cells
Place in order the structures that light passes through as it enters the eye, starting at the top.
1. Cornea 2. Aqueous Humor 3. lens 4. vitreous humor 5. retina
Match each class of receptor with its type of stimulus.
1.Nociceptors: Tissue damage 2.Photoreceptors: Light energy 3.Chemoreceptors: Specific molecules 4.Thermoreceptors: Heat or cold 5.Mechanoreceptors: Pressure and movement
Match touch and pressure receptors to their locations.
1.free nerve endings: Ends of dendrites branch and extend between epithelial cells. 2.Miessner's corpuscles: Abundant in hairless areas of skin, such as the lips. 3.Pacinian corpuscles: Abundant in deeper dermal tissues and connective tissue capsules of joints.
Match sound sources to the typical dB of the produced sounds.
1.whisper: 40 dB 2.normal conversation: 60-70 dB 3.music played through earbuds: 110 dB 4.jet plane at takeoff: 140 dB
What is the typical range of frequencies that can be heard by a young person with normal hearing?
20-20,000 vibrations per second
Within the spiral organ, hair cells have what role?
Hair cells are receptor cells.
How does the ear differentiate between sounds of different frequencies (pitches)?
Hair cells at different locations in the cochlea respond to different pitches.
______ protects the body because they are stimulated when there is tissue damage, thereby promoting a response that may prevent further damage.
Pain receptors
The bending of light rays as they pass through objects of different densities is called ___.
Refraction
The classification of sensory receptors as photoreceptors, thermoreceptors, etc., is based on what characteristic of the receptors?
Stimulus type that causes a response
What is sensory adaptation?
The ability of the brain to become less responsive to some stimuli.
What is the immediate result of stimulating a receptor?
The receptor's membrane potential changes.
What is the term for the ability of the brain to prioritize the sensory input it receives and to ignore unimportant stimuli?
adaptation
Which word root means to hear?
aud-
What structure connects the middle ear cavity to the throat (nasopharynx)?
auditory tube
Which structure helps to equalize air pressure on both sides of the tympanic membrane?
auditory tube
The refraction of light is the ______ of light rays as they pass from one medium to another.
bending
The lens is rounder when viewing ______ objects so that it can cause greater bending of the incoming divergent light rays.
close
Which structure contains the hearing receptors?
cochlea
The labyrinth of the inner ear contains two distinct parts: the ___ and the ___ canals
cochlea semicircular
The labyrinth of the inner ear contains two distinct parts: the ___ and the ___ canals.
cochlea semicircular
Name the two types of thermoreceptors.
cold warm
What type of sensory receptors are abundant in the cornea?
cold receptors pain receptors
When light passes through a convex surface, the light rays bend, resulting in ______ of the light waves.
convergence
Light coming into the eye ______ as it passes through the cornea and lens, focusing the image on the retina.
converges
The clear, anterior-most structure of the eye, part of the fibrous tunic, is called the ___.
cornea
The optic nerve, as well as the central artery and vein that supply the eye with blood, exit the eye through the optic ___.
disc
The ___ ear includes the auricle and the tympanic membrane.
external
The upper and lower ___, and the ___ apparatus are accessory organs that help protect the eyes.
eyelid/eyelids; lacrimal
The portion of the retina that produces the greatest visual acuity (sharpness of image) is the ______. It is located within a patch of cells posterior to the center of the lens called the ______.
fovea centralis, macula lutea
The five major groups of neurons in the retina are the photoreceptors, the bipolar neurons, the ___ cells, the horizontal cells, and the ___ cells.
ganglion; amacrine
Vibrations that travel through matter in the form of waves produce sound. The greater the frequency of the waves, the ______ the sound.
higher-pitched
Identify the ossicles: arrow A is pointing to the ___; arrow B is pointing to the ___; arrow C is pointing to the ___.
incus malleus stapes
The ___ ear, also called the tympanic cavity, is an air-filled space that houses the three auditory ossicles.
middle
The choroid coat, the ciliary body, and the iris are all parts of the ___ tunic of the eyeball.
middle
What is the effect of stimulating a variety of hair cells simultaneously?
multiple tones are heard
The malleus, incus, and stapes are the three small bones known as the auditory ___.
ossicles
The middle ear houses the three auditory ___ which include the malleus, incus, and stapes.
ossicles
The three sections of the ear are ___ ear, ___ ear, and ___ ear.
outer middle inner
The central nervous system receives information about body position and the length and tension of skeletal muscles from mechanoreceptors called ___.
proprioceptors
The group of mechanoreceptors called ______ are responsible for informing the CNS about body position and length/tension of skeletal muscles.
proprioceptors
Static equilibrium senses ______. Dynamic equilibrium senses ______.
position of the head; balance when in motion
Which of the following receptors does not trigger a sensation?
receptors that measure oxygen levels in the blood
The visual receptor cells are located in the ______.
retina
Which two inner ear structures have a role in the sense of equilibrium?
semicircular canals; vestibule
The term ______ refers to information sent by sensory receptors to the brain. The term ______ refers to the interpretation of that information by the cerebral cortex.
sensation; perception
What would be the potential effect of exposing a person to a sound with an intensity of 140 dB for several seconds?
strong discomfort and pain
As light enters the eye, what is the first structure through which it must pass?
the cornea
For all receptors, stimulation of a receptor results in a change in ______.
the membrane potential
The ear contains ______.
three sections: outer, middle, and inner
Where are sensory receptors for the general senses found?
throughout the body
Free nerve endings, tactile corpuscles, and lamellated corpuscles are types of ______ receptors.
touch
The thermoreceptors in the skin are classified as ___ receptors and ___ receptors.
warm cold