Chapter 12. Nervous System III: Senses cancel save

List three characteristics of pain receptors.

-they are nociceptors -they are sensitive to tissue damage -they are lacking in the brain

Match each arrow to the correct structure.

A. incus B. semicircular canal C. round window D. malleus E. stapes

Match each letter with the correct structure.

A. sclera B. choroid coat C. rod D. cone E. ganglion cell

Match each arrow with the correct structure.

A. tympanic membrane B. auricle C. external acoustic meatus D. auditory tube E. vestibule

True or false: Receptors for the general senses are very localized, and found in the skin only.

False

Arrow ___ is indicating the auditory tube; arrow ___ is indicating the external acoustic meatus.

D C

Taste ___ serve as the organs of taste.

buds

What is the cornea?

The transparent part of the outer (fibrous) layer of the eye.

What happens to the tympanic membrane when sound waves pass down the external acoustic meatus?

The tympanic membrane vibrates.

What is the function of proprioceptors?

They detect body position and the state of skeletal muscle contraction.

True or false: The extrinsic eye muscles are considered accessory organs of the eye.

True

Sound travels in waves. The higher the waves (the greater the amplitude), the ______ the sound.

louder

What is the yellow patch of cells in the central region of the retina called?

macula lutea

The three auditory ossicles are the ___, ___, and ___.

malleus; incus; stapes

Olfactory receptors are ______.

chemoreceptors

Receptors are classified based on their sensitivity to different types of stimuli. The five main types of receptors are ___, pain receptors, ___, mechanoreceptors, and photoreceptors.

chemoreceptors thermoreceptors

Olfactory receptors are a type of receptor called ______ that sense ______.

chemoreceptors; chemicals dissolved in liquid

The vascular tunic of the eye includes the ___ coat, the ___ body, and the iris.

choroid; ciliary

Arrow D is pointing to a type of photoreceptor called a ___; arrow C is pointing to a type of photoreceptor called a ___.

cone rod

The photoreceptors that provide color vision are called ___ cells; the ones that provide black/gray/white vision are called ___ cells.

cone rod

The retina is continuous with the ___ nerve in the back of the eye. It extends forward as the lining the inner surface of the eyeball ending at the ___ body.

optic; ciliary

List the special senses.

smell, taste, hearing, equilibrium, sight

Receptors for the ______ senses are specialized and are confined to structures in the head such as the eyes and ears.

special

The senses that are classified as the ___ senses include the senses of smell, taste, hearing, equilibrium, and sight.

special

The ___ organ (organ of Corti) contains the hearing receptors in the cochlea.

spiral

Which structure contains the hearing receptor cells and converts mechanical sound waves to electrical signals?

spiral organ

The feeling of balance is the product of two senses: ___ equilibrium and ___ equilibrium

static dynamic

The sense of ___ equilibrium maintains the stability of the head and body when they are motionless. The sense of ___ equilibrium balances the head and the body when they are suddenly moved or rotated.

static dynamic

The specialized organs responsible for gustation are called ___ ___.

taste buds

The ___ membrane is attached to the bony shelf of the cochlea and extends as an overhang above the hair cells in the spiral organ.

tectorial

Name the receptor cells that are responsible for the sense of hearing.

hair cells

Which structure is located in the spiral organ, where it is attached to the bony shelf of the cochlea and extends like an overhang above the hair cells?

the tectorial membrane

Which structure of the outer ear vibrates back and forth, transferring the sound wave vibrations to the middle ear?

the tympanic membrane

Sound waves that enter the external acoustic meatus cause the ___ membrane to vibrate back and forth, reproducing the vibrations of the sound-wave source.

tympanic

List three components of the outer ear.

tympanic membrane, external acoustic meatus, auricle

The ___ humor is a jelly-like substance located between the lens and the retina of the eyeball.

vitreous

After light passes through the lens, it goes through the ______ before hitting the retina.

vitreous body

The cochlea and the semicircular canals are the two parts of the ______.

labyrinth

Choose two types of receptors that sense touch and pressure.

lamellated (Pacinian) corpuscles free nerve endings

The posterior cavity of the eye is a larger space bounded by the ciliary body, the ___, and the ___.

lens retina

The posterior cavity is the largest compartment of the eye and is bounded by what three structures?

lens ciliary body retina

Choose three structures of the eye that refract light rays.

lens cornea vitreous humor

The vitreous body is a jelly-like substance located between what two structures of the eye?

lens and the retina

What area of the retina is lacking photoreceptors and is referred to as the blind spot?

the optic disc

What is the meaning of the word root aud- (as in auditory)?

to hear

Choose all true statements about the sensory receptors responsible for the general senses.

-They are widespread in the body. -They are associated with the viscera. -They are found throughout the skin.

Which two groups of neurons in the retina allow information to pass laterally between retinal cells, thereby modifying the pattern of impulses conducted on the fibers of the direct pathway?

-amacrine cells -horizontal cells

Place in order the structures that light passes through as it enters the eye, starting at the top.

1. Cornea 2. Aqueous Humor 3. lens 4. vitreous humor 5. retina

Match each class of receptor with its type of stimulus.

1.Nociceptors: Tissue damage 2.Photoreceptors: Light energy 3.Chemoreceptors: Specific molecules 4.Thermoreceptors: Heat or cold 5.Mechanoreceptors: Pressure and movement

Match touch and pressure receptors to their locations.

1.free nerve endings: Ends of dendrites branch and extend between epithelial cells. 2.Miessner's corpuscles: Abundant in hairless areas of skin, such as the lips. 3.Pacinian corpuscles: Abundant in deeper dermal tissues and connective tissue capsules of joints.

Match sound sources to the typical dB of the produced sounds.

1.whisper: 40 dB 2.normal conversation: 60-70 dB 3.music played through earbuds: 110 dB 4.jet plane at takeoff: 140 dB

What is the typical range of frequencies that can be heard by a young person with normal hearing?

20-20,000 vibrations per second

Within the spiral organ, hair cells have what role?

Hair cells are receptor cells.

How does the ear differentiate between sounds of different frequencies (pitches)?

Hair cells at different locations in the cochlea respond to different pitches.

______ protects the body because they are stimulated when there is tissue damage, thereby promoting a response that may prevent further damage.

Pain receptors

The bending of light rays as they pass through objects of different densities is called ___.

Refraction

The classification of sensory receptors as photoreceptors, thermoreceptors, etc., is based on what characteristic of the receptors?

Stimulus type that causes a response

What is sensory adaptation?

The ability of the brain to become less responsive to some stimuli.

What is the immediate result of stimulating a receptor?

The receptor's membrane potential changes.

What is the term for the ability of the brain to prioritize the sensory input it receives and to ignore unimportant stimuli?

adaptation

Which word root means to hear?

aud-

What structure connects the middle ear cavity to the throat (nasopharynx)?

auditory tube

Which structure helps to equalize air pressure on both sides of the tympanic membrane?

auditory tube

The refraction of light is the ______ of light rays as they pass from one medium to another.

bending

The lens is rounder when viewing ______ objects so that it can cause greater bending of the incoming divergent light rays.

close

Which structure contains the hearing receptors?

cochlea

The labyrinth of the inner ear contains two distinct parts: the ___ and the ___ canals

cochlea semicircular

The labyrinth of the inner ear contains two distinct parts: the ___ and the ___ canals.

cochlea semicircular

Name the two types of thermoreceptors.

cold warm

What type of sensory receptors are abundant in the cornea?

cold receptors pain receptors

When light passes through a convex surface, the light rays bend, resulting in ______ of the light waves.

convergence

Light coming into the eye ______ as it passes through the cornea and lens, focusing the image on the retina.

converges

The clear, anterior-most structure of the eye, part of the fibrous tunic, is called the ___.

cornea

The optic nerve, as well as the central artery and vein that supply the eye with blood, exit the eye through the optic ___.

disc

The ___ ear includes the auricle and the tympanic membrane.

external

The upper and lower ___, and the ___ apparatus are accessory organs that help protect the eyes.

eyelid/eyelids; lacrimal

The portion of the retina that produces the greatest visual acuity (sharpness of image) is the ______. It is located within a patch of cells posterior to the center of the lens called the ______.

fovea centralis, macula lutea

The five major groups of neurons in the retina are the photoreceptors, the bipolar neurons, the ___ cells, the horizontal cells, and the ___ cells.

ganglion; amacrine

Vibrations that travel through matter in the form of waves produce sound. The greater the frequency of the waves, the ______ the sound.

higher-pitched

Identify the ossicles: arrow A is pointing to the ___; arrow B is pointing to the ___; arrow C is pointing to the ___.

incus malleus stapes

The ___ ear, also called the tympanic cavity, is an air-filled space that houses the three auditory ossicles.

middle

The choroid coat, the ciliary body, and the iris are all parts of the ___ tunic of the eyeball.

middle

What is the effect of stimulating a variety of hair cells simultaneously?

multiple tones are heard

The malleus, incus, and stapes are the three small bones known as the auditory ___.

ossicles

The middle ear houses the three auditory ___ which include the malleus, incus, and stapes.

ossicles

The three sections of the ear are ___ ear, ___ ear, and ___ ear.

outer middle inner

The central nervous system receives information about body position and the length and tension of skeletal muscles from mechanoreceptors called ___.

proprioceptors

The group of mechanoreceptors called ______ are responsible for informing the CNS about body position and length/tension of skeletal muscles.

proprioceptors

Static equilibrium senses ______. Dynamic equilibrium senses ______.

position of the head; balance when in motion

Which of the following receptors does not trigger a sensation?

receptors that measure oxygen levels in the blood

The visual receptor cells are located in the ______.

retina

Which two inner ear structures have a role in the sense of equilibrium?

semicircular canals; vestibule

The term ______ refers to information sent by sensory receptors to the brain. The term ______ refers to the interpretation of that information by the cerebral cortex.

sensation; perception

What would be the potential effect of exposing a person to a sound with an intensity of 140 dB for several seconds?

strong discomfort and pain

As light enters the eye, what is the first structure through which it must pass?

the cornea

For all receptors, stimulation of a receptor results in a change in ______.

the membrane potential

The ear contains ______.

three sections: outer, middle, and inner

Where are sensory receptors for the general senses found?

throughout the body

Free nerve endings, tactile corpuscles, and lamellated corpuscles are types of ______ receptors.

touch

The thermoreceptors in the skin are classified as ___ receptors and ___ receptors.

warm cold