Chapter 12

Family forms with vertical kinship ties are known as:

"beanpoles."

Sociologist Barbara Risman calls families in which both men and women genuinely share the paid and unpaid labor equally:

"fair families."

Sarah Fenstermaker Berk has characterized the American family by examining how women and men learn to take on distinct roles paralleling the divide between public and private spheres. She calls the family a:

"gender factory."

The notion that true womanhood centers on domestic responsibilities and child rearing is known as:

"the cult of domesticity."

Working wives generally get less leisure time than their husbands. This is known as:

"the leisure gap."

The domestic duties that still fall disproportionately on working women's shoulders are labeled by Hochschild (1989) as:

"the second shift."

According to data in Chapter 12, U.S. women earn about how much for every dollar earned by U.S. men?

$0.77

In what year were laws prohibiting interracial marriage struck down in the United States?

1967

Approximately what percentage of U.S. marriages ends in divorce?

40 percent

Approximately what percentage of Americans marries at some point in their lives?

90 percent

A powerful example of the devaluation of housework in the United States was the original September 11th Victim Compensation Fund. Ultimately, what happened?

Both the deceased's future earnings and his or her estimated contributions to the family's unpaid household work were measured to determine the family's amount of compensation.

Who of the following has argued that African American female-headed families are the outcome, rather than the cause, of racial oppression and poverty?

Du Bois

Which of the following characterized the preindustrial family?

Husbands and wives were partners, not only in making a home but also in making a living.

The largest minority group in the United States is:

Latino

As discussed in Chapter 12, which group of women is least likely to get an abortion?

Latino women

Which of the following statements most accurately describes the notion of traditional family (stay-at-home mom and working father) in U.S. history?

The traditional family was unique to a particular time in history (1950s) and can really be viewed as an aberration.

According to research in Conley's The Pecking Order, how does the average income of daughters raised by stay-at-home mothers compare to that of daughters of working moms?

They are less likely to earn as much as their brother(s).

Recent trends indicate that weekly hours of housework done by men and women are converging. Which of the following statements indicates how household labor is divided by gender?

Women do the housework and men help out.

In the 1960s many social scientists, including Daniel Patrick Moynihan, viewed the strong role held by women in many African American families as:

a detrimental characteristic that undermined men's roles in the family and caused all sorts of social problems.

About how long do the majority of single mothers stay on the welfare rolls in the United States?

about 2 years

Legally recognized unions of gay and lesbian couples that are explicitly intended to offer similar state-mandated legal rights and benefits of marriage as are given to heterosexual couples are known as:

civil unions.

Amy and Raymond live together in an intimate relationship without formal legal or religious sanctioning. This arrangement is known by sociologists as:

cohabitation.

The Ozzie and Harriet Nelson type of family was in its prime during which time period?

during the post-World War II economic boom

If Jerome is opposed to the idea of having a relationship with someone who lives in his dormitory, which he jokingly refers to as "dorm-cest," he is practicing the rule known as:

exogamy.

Grandparents, aunts, uncles, and cousins who live together in a multigenerational household are considered a(n):

extended family.

Recent trends in marriages between people from different races or ethnic groups indicate a:

growing acceptance of exogamy.

According to the text's discussion, cohabitation:

increases the rate of divorce because people who cohabitate probably have fewer qualms about divorce.

It's commonly perceived that the divorce rate has skyrocketed since the 1950s, but actually divorce rates in the United States have been:

increasing steadily since 1900.

It is it difficult to make generalizations about Latino families in the United States because:

of their diverse origins and geography.

In some rural areas of Asia, women can have several husbands at one time. This practice is known as:

polyandry.

Some societies allow a person to have several spouses at the same time in an arrangement known as:

polygamy.

Journalist Barbara Ehrenreich traveled around the country to study firsthand what it was like to "get by" working low-wage jobs. All of the following are true about her experiences EXCEPT:

she felt that if she had only worked harder, she would have been able to "get by."

Marital rates among blacks in the United States have declined since:

the 1960s.

Black and poor women in the United States have come to rely on which of the following in order to manage child care and work responsibilities?

their extrafamilial female networks

Which of the following was a motivation of the welfare reforms of 1996?

to promote self-sufficiency and personal responsibility