Chapter 12: Religion, Romanticism, and Reform, 1800-1860

How did Baptist and Methodist theology change the practice of religion in nineteenth-century America?

1) Baptist and Methodist believed that all people could be saved 2) believing the greater social equality, Baptist and Methodist encouraged frontier revivals 3) seeking to include all peoples, Methodist and Baptist actively recruited African Americans to their congregations

The concept of Deism that had influenced many of the leaders of the American Revolution sparked criticism of conventional religion from the Deistical societies that emerged in the early nineteenth century. What was the philosophy advanced by Deists?

1) Deists prized science and reason over traditional religion and blind faith 2) Deists believed in a rational god 3) Deists believed all people were created as equals

Which of the following statements best describes Emily Dickinson, an individual who was a part of the Romantic movement in the early 1800s?

A lonely poet who groundbreaking poetry explored themes of life , death , fear and heatbreak

Shakers

A millennial group who believed in both Jesus and a mystic named Ann Lee. Since they were celibate and could only increase their numbers through recruitment and conversion, they eventually ceased to exist.

What were some of the major changes regarding religion that took place in the United States during the early nineteenth century?

A popular religious belief that people are inherently good also contributed to a political reform movement. Inspired by revivals and camp meetings, a growing number of Americans joined churches that preached that all people could be saved if they chose the right path.

Brook Farm

A transcendentalist Utopian experiment, put into practice by transcendentalist former Unitarian minister George Ripley at a farm in West Roxbury, Massachusetts, at that time nine miles from Boston. The community, in operation from 1841 to 1847, was inspired by the socialist concepts of Charles Fourier. Fourierism was the belief that there could be a utopian society where people could share together to have a better lifestyle.

The Grimke sister

Abolitionists and suffragettes. The sisters came from South Carolina in an aristocratic family, with an Episcopalian judge who owned slaves father. Both sisters became abolitionists, and after converting to the Quaker faith, they joined Society of Friends. In 1835, Angela wrote an anti-slavery letter to Abolitionist leader William Lloyd Garrison, who published it in, The Liberator. They spoke at abolitionist meetings. In 1837, Angelina was invited to be the first woman to speak at the Massachusetts State Legislature. Sarah and Angelina Grimke wrote Letter on the Condition of Women and the Equality of the Sexes (1837) - objecting to male opposition to their anti-slavery activities.

What were some of the main beliefs found in nineteenth-century transcendentalism?

All people have the capacity for self-realization. Reality extends beyond what can be experienced by the senses. People should find spirituality within themselves, instead of simply following the guidance of religious leaders and organized religion.

Susan B. Anthony

An American social reformer and feminist who played a pivotal role in the women's suffrage movement.

Ralph Waldo Emerson

Encouraged Americans to end their dependence on European culture and advocated self-reliance

Polygamy was an important and central Mormon belief since the founding of the religion in 1823.

False

Why did William Lloyd Garrison, publisher of The Liberator and outspoken leader in the anti-slavery movement, believe that the U.S. Constitution was "a covenant with death and an agreement with hell?

Garrison refused to vote and did not believe that American society was fundamentally sound so long as it supported slavery.

What does it reveal about how women participated in camp meetings and frontier revivals?

In camp meetings some women's found opportunities to participate as equals.

How did the anti-slavery movement impact American society and politics?

It increased sectional tensions that ultimately led to the Civil War. Involvement of women in the anti-slavery movement caused some reformers to recognize the oppression of women by men.

What was the cult of domesticity, and what were some of the reactions to it?

It was an ideology that emphasized women's role within the home as mothers and wives. A backlash against restrictions in the women's "sphere" led many women to protest for equal rights. Women were educated to become teachers at "normal schools," where they could be "mothers away from home."

Which of the following helped bring about the major social reform movements in the early nineteenth century?

Leaders of the Second Great Awakening encouraged Americans to reform society. An economic depression spurred reformers into action as they sought to alleviate its effects. Transcendentalists sought to better the situations of those in poverty and slavery.

Identify how transcendentalism influenced American literature.

Many new American writers produced the first great wave of American literature.

How did the Second Great Awakening change the power structures of American religions?

Newer denominations were more activist

What does the painting suggest about reading and politics in the mid-nineteenth-century United States?

Newspapers helped promote public discussion and debate in social situations. Newspapers were widespread enough that they became a part of daily life.

Oneida Community

One of the more radical utopian communities established in the nineteenth century, it advocated "free love," birth control, and eugenics. Utopian communities reflected the reformist spirit of the age.

Margaret Fuller

Social reformer, leader in women's movement and a transcendentalist. Edited "The Dial" which was the publication of the transcendentalists. It appealed to people who wanted "perfect freedom" "progress in philosophy and theology and hope that the future will not always be as the past". was one of the women who was part of the Transcendentalist Club and organized her own group in Boston; wrote the book Woman in the Nineteenth Century

In response to the rise of the abolitionist movement, how did slaveholders justify slavery?

Supporters of slavery argued that slavery benefited the "savage" Africans by giving them a better life than they would have had in Africa. Supporters of slavery argued that the Bible did not prohibit slavery and, in some cases, actually allowed it. Supporters of slavery argued that whites would have to compete with blacks for jobs if slavery were to end.

Identify the changes in American society that led to a split in the anti-slavery movement.

The Grimké sisters demanded that women should be able to participate equally in the American Anti-Slavery Society. Some believed that Garrison's "moral suasion" approach to the anti-slavery movement would not lead to success.

"I went to the woods because I wished to live deliberately." This is how Thoreau described his decision to live apart from society on Walden Pond. He later wrote about his experience. What aspect of transcendentalism does Thoreau's quotation express?

The Idea of individualism and self-reliance

What factors contributed to the emergence of transcendentalism in early nineteenth-century America?

The rise of Romanticism and its emphasis on the spiritual and emotional life of the individual inspired transcendentalists. Transcendentalists challenged that science and reason were limited in scope and instead explored the soul, emotions, and the unconscious.

How did increased economic prosperity facilitate the participation of women in the reform movements of the nineteenth century?

The rise of the urban middle class allowed women to devote more time to societal issues

Julia Ward Howe

Wrote Battle Hymn of the Republic and infused abolitionist sentiment into the War rhetoric. She founded the American Women's Suffrage Association with Lucy Stone and advocated for the passage of the 15th Amendment.

Walt Whitman

Wrote the controversial Leaves of Grass, which was banned in Boston for its sexual references

Universalism

attracted the working poor and stressed that salvation was available to everyone

Deism

believed in a rational God, prizing science and reason over traditional religion

Unitarianism

emphasized the oneness and compassion of a loving God and the natural goodness of humankind

Seneca Falls Convention

organized by Lucretia Mott and Elizabeth Cady Stanton to discuss the condition and the rights of women; included both men and women

Declaration of Rights and Sentiments

proclaimed that laws that placed women in an inferior position in relation to men had no authority and that "all men and women are created equal"

Identify the goals of the women's rights movement.

the right to vote the ability to find gainful employment, the right to control their own property

What was the goal of the early-nineteenth-century American Colonization Society?

to repatriate free blacks back to Africa

Abagail Kelly

was the first woman elected as an officer in the American Anti-Slavery Society; told stories of enslaved women sexually assaulted by their owners