chapter 12

Carbaminohemoglobin

Carbaminohemoglobin (or carbaminohaemoglobin, also known as carbhaemoglobin and carbohaemoglobin) is a compound of hemoglobin and carbon dioxide, and is one of the forms in which carbon dioxide exists in the blood.

Cellular Respiration

Cellular respiration is the set of metabolic reactions and processes that take place in the cells of organisms to convert biochemical energy from nutrients into adenosine triphosphate (ATP), and then release waste products.

Hyperventilation

Hyperventilation occurs when the rate and quantity of alveolar ventilation of carbon dioxide exceeds the body's production of carbon dioxide. A person may regularly hyperventilate, a condition called hyperventilation syndrome.

Respiratory Membrane

In summary, gas exchange is the movement of oxygen into the blood and carbon dioxide out of the blood across the respiratory membrane in the lungs. This respiratory surface, also known as the respiratory membrane, includes the alveolar epithelial cells as well as the pulmonary capillary endothelial cells.

Respiratory Volume

Respiratory minute volume (or minute ventilation or minute volume) is the volume of gas inhaled (inhaled minute volume) or exhaled (exhaled minute volume) from a person's lungs per minute. It is an important parameter in respiratory medicine due to its relationship with blood carbon dioxide levels.

Surfactant

Surfactants are compounds that lower the surface tension between two liquids or between a liquid and a solid. Surfactants may act as detergents, wetting agents, emulsifiers, foaming agents, and dispersants.

respritory capasities

The amount of air that can be forcibly expelled from the lungs after breathing in as deeply as possible.

Respiratory Center

The respiratory center is located in the medulla oblongata, which is the lowermost part of the brain stem. The RC receives controlling signals of neural, chemical and hormonal nature and controls the rate and depth of respiratory movements of the diaphragm and other respiratory muscles.

Oxyhemoglobin

a bright red substance formed by the combination of hemoglobin with oxygen, present in oxygenated blood.

Hemoglobin

a red protein responsible for transporting oxygen in the blood of vertebrates. Its molecule comprises four subunits, each containing an iron atom bound to a heme group.

Alveolus

a small cavity, pit, or hollow, in particular. any of the many tiny air sacs in the lungs where the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide takes place. the bony socket for the root of a tooth. an acinus in a gland.

Carbonic Anhydrase

an enzyme that catalyzes the interconversion of dissolved bicarbonates and carbon dioxide.

Expiration

exhalation of breath.

Bronchial Tree

the branching system of bronchi and bronchioles conducting air from the windpipe into the lungs.

Pleural Cavity

the cavity formed between the pleural layer surrounding the lungs and the other layer lining the chest wall

Inspiration

the drawing in of breath; inhalation.

Glottis

the part of the larynx consisting of the vocal cords and the slitlike opening between them. It affects voice modulation through expansion or contraction.

Partial Pressure

the pressure that would be exerted by one of the gases in a mixture if it occupied the same volume on its own.