chapter 13
Following a head injury, a young woman frequently loses her temper and is often depressed and otherwise "moody". What part of the brain do you think has been damaged?
Amygdaloid body
Which nucleus stimulates the muscles to produce the pattern of arm and leg movements associated with walking?
Caudate nucleus
This portion of the brain ensures that skeletal muscle contraction follows the correct pattern leading to smooth, coordinated movements.
Cerebellum
Which part of the brain contains the arbor vitae?
Cerebellum
Which portion of the brain adjusts skeletal muscle activity to maintain equilibrium and posture?
Cerebellum
The blood-brain barrier is reduced or missing from three locations in the brain. Which is not one of these locations?
Cerebrum
This nucleus both excites and inhibits the activities of the thalamus to control and adjust muscle tone.
Globus pallidus
Which of the five cerebral lobes is the one not visible on the surface of the brain?
Insula
Which nucleus is part of the lentiform nucleus that controls muscular movement at the subconscious level?
Putamen
Which structures form the lentiform nucleus?
Putamen and globus pallidus
Damages to the amygdaloid body result in atypical expressions of emotion.
TRUE
Functions of the hypothalamus include regulation of body temperature and water intake.
TRUE
Generally, the left cerebral hemisphere issues motor commands for the right side of the body.
TRUE
In both the cerebrum and the cerebellum, white matter lies deep to superficial gray matter.
TRUE
One function of the reticular formation is to assist in the regulation of respiration and blood pressure.
TRUE
The brain floats within the cerebrospinal fluid.
TRUE
The brain ventricles are continuous with one another and with the central canal of the spinal cord.
TRUE
The frontal eye field is immediately anterior to the premotor cortex.
TRUE
The gray matter of the brain houses motor neuron and interneuron cell bodies, dendrites, telodendria, and unmyelinated axons.
TRUE
The inferior colliculi are auditory reflex centers of the midbrain.
TRUE
The left hemisphere is dominant for speech in almost all right-handed people and in many left-handed ones.
TRUE
The medulla oblongata contains a cardiac center and a medullary respiratory center.
TRUE
The vestibulocochlear nerve is the only cranial nerve that doesn't exit the skull via an opening or foramen.
TRUE
The white matter of the brain derives its color from myelin.
TRUE
The portion of the adult brain that includes the cerebrum is derived from which secondary brain vesicle?
Telencephalon
Which skills are associated with the right hemisphere for most individuals?
Visuospatial skills and music
Which would be the correct order of brain area activation if one were to understand a sentence and repeat it aloud?
Wernicke area, Broca area, primary motor cortex
The advances in higher order brain functioning that happen from birth to age five correlate with:
an increase in total brain size and complexity.
The meninx composed of a delicate web of collagen and elastic fibers is the:
arachnoid mater.
Excess CSF is removed from the subarachnoid space by:
arachnoid villi.
Cognition is generally thought to be governed by:
association areas of the cerebrum.
Your memories of the sights and sounds of your elementary school are probably stored in:
association cortex areas of your cerebrum.
The blood-brain barrier is made up of:
astrocyte perivascular feet and capillary endothelial cells.
The location of conscious thought processes and the origin of all complex intellectual functions is the:
cerebrum
lobes of the brain are named for the bones superficial to them and are part of the
cerebrum
Cerebrospinal fluid is formed by the:
choroid plexus.
Cerebral lateralization refers to the:
functional differences between the right and left hemispheres.
The cerebral cortex consists of ______ matter.
gray
The reticular formation is an area of the brain that:
has sensory and motor components.
Interpretation of emotion is governed by the _______, and expression of emotion is governed by the ________.
limbic system, prefrontal cortex
Projection tracts:
link the cerebral cortex to the caudal brain regions and the spinal cord.
The superior olivary complex is involved in detecting the:
location of a sound.
The primary vesicle from which the metencephalon arises is the:
rhombencephalon.
In human brain anatomy, the term ______ is synonymous with anterior.
rostral
The partition between the lateral ventricles is the:
septum pellucidum.
The superior colliculi help you respond to:
visual stimuli, for example, when you turn toward a bright flash of light.
Which cranial nerve is composed of only motor fibers?
VI
During a mugging, a person experiences an extreme level of fear. What portion of the limbic system is responsible for this and other emotional states?
Amygdaloid body
The amount of CSF within the brain at any given moment is approximately:
130 ml.
The tectal plate (corpora quadrigemina) is part of what portion of the brain?
Brainstem
Which is not a function of cerebrospinal fluid?
CSF helps to promote mitosis within neuronal tissue.
Which part of the brain contains the epithalamus, hypothalamus, and the thalamus?
Diencephalon
Which secondary brain vesicle forms the portion of the adult brain that includes the epithalamus, thalamus, and hypothalamus?
Diencephalon
Which of the cranial meninges consists of dense irregular connective tissue in two layers (the periosteal layer and the meningeal layer)?
Dura mater
This portion of the brain forms part of the roof of the diencephalon and covers the third ventricle. Its posterior portion houses the pineal gland and the habenular nuclei.
Epithalamus
Cerebrospinal fluid is identical to blood plasma.
FALSE
Lipid-soluble compounds are incapable of penetrating the blood-brain barrier.
FALSE
Most of the gyri and sulci of the human brain develop very early in the fetal period.
FALSE
Prefrontal cortex axons generally complete myelination by the time puberty is reached.
FALSE
The Wernicke area is the motor speech area of the frontal lobe.
FALSE
The gnostic area is a part of the frontal lobe that integrates the learning of skilled motor activities.
FALSE
The hypothalamus exerts master control over the motor system.
FALSE
The inferior cerebellar peduncles connect the cerebellum to the midbrain.
FALSE
The mesencephalic (cerebral) aqueduct carries CSF from the lateral ventricles to the third ventricle.
FALSE
A patient visits her doctor and explains that since being hit on the cheek with a hockey puck she has been suffering from dry eyes and a dry mouth. It's apparent to the doctor that, since both lacrimal secretion and salivary secretion are affected, there may be damage to the ____________ nerve.
Facial
Bell palsy is a condition characterized by the paralysis of facial muscles, eyelid droop, and sagging at the corners of the mouth. What nerve is affected in this condition?
Facial
The largest of the four dural septa, this large, sickle-shaped vertical fold of dura mater separates the left and right cerebral hemispheres.
Falx cerebri
Damage to which lobe of the brain (that normally plans appropriate behavior) has been most frequently associated with personality abnormalities?
Frontal
Most commonly, which cerebral hemisphere is responsible for controlling speech?
Left
Which portion of the brain contains the posterior part of the fourth ventricle?
Medulla oblongata
The portion of the adult brain that includes the cerebral peduncles, superior colliculi, and inferior colliculi is derived from which secondary brain vesicle?
Mesencephalon
The portion of the adult brain that includes the medulla oblongata is derived from which secondary brain vesicle?
Myelencephalon
Which is the most anterior cranial nerve?
Olfactory
This portion of the brain secretes the hormone melatonin, which helps to regulate the body's circadian rhythm.
Pineal gland
What is the name of the brainstem sensory area that contains axons that project to the cerebral cortex to arouse us from sleep?
Reticular activating system
Which are the midbrain nuclei that produce dopamine, and thereby affect motor control?
Substantia nigra
A football player can hear his coach's voice above the noise of the crowd and can sense an opponent about to run him down. These abilities are due to the action of what part of the brain?
Thalamus
Which structure plays a crucial role in filtering out the irrelevant noise at a crowded party so that you can listen to someone speaking to you?
Thalamus
Which structure serves as the main relay point for sensory information that is headed to a primary sensory region of the cerebral cortex?
Thalamus
What is the correct order for the cranial meninges, from superficial to deep? a: Dura mater b: Pia mater c: Arachnoid mater
a, c, b
The vasomotor center is an important regulator of ________ and is located in the ________.
blood pressure, medulla oblongata.
Arrange the five secondary vesicles in the correct anterior to posterior order. a: Diencephalon b: Myelencephalon c: Telencephalon d: Metencephalon e: Mesencephalon
c, a, e, d, b
Arrange the primary brain vesicles in the correct anterior to posterior order. a: Rhombencephalon b: Mesencephalon c: Prosencephalon
c, b, a
A person with damage to the premotor cortex area that coordinates eye movements:
can understand the words but cannot follow the lines on the page.
Clusters of gray matter that contain neuron cell bodies and lie within masses of white matter are the:
cerebral nuclei.
Paired, irregular masses of gray matter buried deep within the central white matter in the basal region of the cerebral hemispheres, inferior to the floor of the lateral ventricle, are the:
cerebral nuclei.
As motor tracts descend to the brainstem they become the anterolateral surfaces of the midbrain known as the:
cerebral peduncles.
Association tracts:
connect different regions of the cerebral cortex within the same hemisphere.
The major pathway of communication between the right and left hemisphere is the:
corpus callosum.
The opening of the neural tube that is closest to the future head is the:
cranial neuropore.
Axons of the corticospinal tract cross the brainstem at the:
decussation of the pyramids in the medulla oblongata.
The brain ventricle located between the pons and the cerebellum is the _____ ventricle.
fourth
List these events in the correct order for CSF flow in the CNS. a: CSF flows into the arachnoid villi. b: CSF enters the blood. c: CSF flows through the cerebral aqueduct to the 4th ventricle. d: CSF flows into the subarachnoid space. e: CSF is produced by the choroid plexus.
e, c, d, a, b
Neural tissue develops in the embryo from a portion of the
ectoderm.
Commissural tracts:
extend between the right and left cerebral hemispheres.
A sickle-shaped vertical partition that divides the left and right cerebellar hemispheres is the:
falx cerebelli.
The numerous folds of the cerebellar cortex are called:
folia.
Formation of new memories involves the ________, and storage of long term memories primarily involves the ________.
hippocampus, association areas of the cerebrum
The part of the limbic system involved in storing memories and forming long-term memory is the:
hippocampus.
The brain region that exerts significant control over the endocrine system is the:
hypothalamus.
The sleep-wake cycle and the sex drive are both regulated by the:
hypothalamus.
Association areas:
integrate new sensory inputs with memories of past experiences.
A brain ventricle located in the cerebrum is the _____ ventricle.
lateral
The ______ hemisphere is known for its involvement in categorization, symbolization, and analytical reasoning.
left
The __________ is composed of multiple structures that collaboratively process and experience emotions.
limbic system
A memory that has lasted over a weekend is described as a:
long term memory.
The feet of the sensory homunculus are located:
medially on the postcentral gyrus.
The portion of the brain involved primarily with vision is the:
occipital lobe.
The cranial nerve responsible for movement of the medial rectus, superior rectus, inferior rectus, and inferior oblique muscles is the __________ nerve.
oculomotor
The cranial nerve that passes through the cribriform plate of the ethmoid bone is the __________ nerve.
olfactory
The lobe that is immediately posterior to the central sulcus and that is involved in general sensory functions is the:
parietal lobe.
The gnostic area of the brain provides comprehensive understanding of a current activity. It is composed of portions of the:
parietal, occipital, and temporal lobes.
The meninx composed of a thin layer of delicate areolar connective tissue that follows every contour of the brain surface is the:
pia mater.
The middle cerebral peduncles connect the cerebellum to the:
pons.
The limbic system allows:
processing and experiencing of emotion.
The shallow depressions between folds on the surface of the brain are called:
sulci.
The primary gustatory cortex processes information about ________ and is located in the ______.
taste, insula
The lateral sulcus is superior to the:
temporal lobe
The horizontally oriented fold of dura mater that separates the occipital and temporal lobes of the cerebrum from the cerebellum is the:
tentorium cerebelli.
Dural venous sinuses are areas where:
the meningeal and periosteal layers separate to form large blood-filled spaces.
The brain ventricle located in the diencephalon is the _____ ventricle.
third
The cranial nerve that innervates smooth muscle and glands of the heart, lungs, larynx, trachea, and most abdominal organs is the ___________ nerve.
vagus
One function of the brain's frontal lobe is:
verbal communication.
