Chapter 13
Match each type of gene manipulation listed with its appropriate description. 1. Crossbreeding 2. Genetic engineering
1. A somewhat random process that takes a long time to complete 2. A fast process with high control of the outcome
Match each type of selection (human, natural, or both) listed below with the appropriate description. 1. Selection by human agriculture 2. Selection in nature 3. Selection by both human agriculture and nature
1. Plants are selected that look and taste better. 2. Plants are selected that are more self-sufficient. 3. results in changes in the genome of the plants.
How does a change in the primary structure of a protein affect its properties?
Changing the primary structure may have a profound effect on its properties.
Which of the following options correctly describe chromosomes? Multiple select question. Chromosomes are rod-shaped. Chromosomes are compact coils of DNA and specialized proteins. Chromosomes are extended coils of DNA and specialized proteins. A chromosome is a portion of a gene. Chromosomes are found in the nucleus of a cell.
Chromosomes are rod-shaped. Chromosomes are compact coils of DNA and specialized proteins. Chromosomes are found in the nucleus of a cell.
Genetic engineering may be advantageous for reasons other than crop production for human consumption. Which of the following fit this description? Creation of crops that produce low yields of biofuels per acre Creation of bacteria to detect and remediate radioactive contamination Creation of plants that absorb toxic metals from contaminated soil
Creation of bacteria to detect and remediate radioactive contamination Creation of plants that absorb toxic metals from contaminated soil produce HIGH YIELD OF BIOFUEL
Genetic engineering is the direct manipulation of the _____ in an organism.
DNA
Which of the following options correctly describe DNA and its functions? DNA cannot respond to feedback within the cell. The terms "DNA" and "gene" have the same meaning. DNA carries genetic information in all species. DNA is replicated within the cell. DNA is a biological polymer.
DNA carries genetic information in all species. DNA is replicated within the cell. DNA is a biological polymer.
Which of the following options correctly describe deoxyribose? Deoxyribose has the typical chemical formula of a carbohydrate (CnH2nOn). Deoxyribose is a monosaccharide. Deoxyribose has the chemical formula C5H10O4.
Deoxyribose is a monosaccharide. Deoxyribose has the chemical formula C5H10O4.
Which of the following are the three fundamental units of DNA?
Deoxyribose sugars Nitrogen-containing bases Phosphate groups
Which of the following scientists were major contributors to the research that led to the discovery of the structure of DNA?
Francis Crick James Watson Rosalind Franklin
Which of the following options correctly describe the genome?
Inside each cell is a complete set of instructions (the genome) on how to grow and reproduce. The genome is a "guidebook" on how to grow and reproduce. The genome is a complete set of inheritable traits of an organism.
What is the role of insulin in the human body?
Insulin regulates blood sugar levels.
Which statement best describes an advantage of using transgenic plants for producing drugs and vaccines? Multiple choice question. They produce food and prevent disease. There are fewer side effects. They are easier to dose and administer to patients.
They produce food and prevent disease.
Which of the following options correctly describe the use of transgenic plants for producing vaccines and drugs? Multiple select question. Vaccines within edible products would be easy to dose correctly. Transgenic plants could provide readily available and low-cost edible vaccines. These vaccines do not require refrigeration or special handling. Vaccines produced within edible products would not require a trained professional to administer them.
Transgenic plants could provide readily available and low-cost edible vaccines. These vaccines do not require refrigeration or special handling. Vaccines produced within edible products would not require a trained professional to administer them.
Multiple Select QuestionYour Answer incorrect One special amino acid (cysteine) contains a thiol group (-SH) in the side chain. Which of the following options correctly describe how thiols interact within a protein?
Two -SH groups may react together and form a covalent bond. Two -SH groups may react together and form a disulfide bond (S-S bond).
Which of the following codons code for a stop codon? (Refer to table)
UAA, UAG. UGA
When is food classified as GMO food? Multiple choice question. When the organism producing the food has undergone deliberate changes to its DNA When the organism has developed desirable traits through natural selection If the organism producing the food has been selectively bred by humans to produce higher yields
When the organism producing the food has undergone deliberate changes to its DNA
Which of the following correctly describes the use of X-ray analysis to determine the structure of a crystalline material?
X-rays are only scattered at certain angles that are related to the distance between atoms. X-ray photons interact with the electrons of the atoms in the crystal.
Which of the following correctly describe possible disadvantages of plant domestication?
certain plants are now unable to survive without human assistance. Disease resistance that was not immediately required may have been lost. fast growing + scrawny plants were discarded
A rod-shaped compact coil of DNA and specialized proteins found within the nucleus of a cell is called a(n) _____.
chromosome
A sequence of three adjacent nucleotides that either guides the insertion of a specific amino acid or signals the start or end of protein synthesis is known as a(n) _____. Multiple choice question. chromosome tertiary structure codon residue
codon
Domestication of the teosinte plant led to modern day ___________ , a food that is both more nutritious and more abundant.
corncob
An organism is genetically engineered by modifying the _____ in the cell.
deoxyribonucleic acid
The genetic code of an organism is carried by DNA, or ______.
deoxyribonucleic acid
X-ray __________ is an analytical technique in which a crystal is hit by a beam of X-rays to generate a pattern that reveals the positions of the atoms in the crystal.
diffraction
X-ray _____ is an analytical technique in which a crystal is hit by a beam of X-rays to generate a pattern that reveals the positions of the _____ in the crystal.
diffraction; atoms
Scientists may modify an organism by creating an environment in which the organism must evolve new traits in order to survive. This process is called _______.
directed evolution
True or false A DNA strand is identical in both directions.
false; A DNA strand is directional, so that the base sequence ATC is not the same as the sequence CTA. The sequence of bases in the strand determine the genetic code contained within the strand.
True or false: X-rays are scattered at all angles when they hit a crystal in X-ray diffraction.
false; X-rays are scattered at certain angles that are related to the distance between atoms and that information can be used to determine the structures of a variety of crystalline materials.
Human cultivation of plants through crossbreeding is an example of ______.
gene modification
Humans have been manipulating __________ throughout history. This has been done by growing plants with specific traits and rejecting others, crossbreeding different strains, etc.
genes/DNA
Transgenic crops are the result of genetic engineering where an organism results from the transfer of _____ across _____.
genes; species
"GM" food is _____ food.
genetically modified
The complete set of inheritable traits of an organism is known as the __________of the organism.
genome
Which of the following is the correct structure for deoxyribose?
has a OH and a H
A vector is a new _____ DNA plasmid that is used to carry DNA back into the bacterial host. interspecies intraspecies
interspecies
The α-helix and β-pleated sheet depend on the tendency of the protein backbone to form _____.
intramolecular hydrogen bonds
The process of using enzymes to synthesize plastics _____ greenhouse gas emissions.
lowers
"Golden rice" is an example of a GM that is used to help fight _____. Multiple choice question. plant disease malnutrition vaccine side effects
malnutrition
All DNA is composed of _____-containing bases, sugars, and _____ groups.
nitrogen; phosphate
Nucleic acids such as DNA contain _______ groups, which can have the form PO43-, HPO42-, or H2PO4-.
phosphate
Rings of DNA that exist in bacteria in addition to their chromosomes are called _____. These can easily be removed, altered, or replaced.
plasmids
Amino acid side chains are broadly characterized as either _____ or _____.
polar or nonpolar
vaccines fight against infectious diseases of the intestinal tract produced in ______ and __________
potatos; bannanas
The unique identity and sequence of the amino acids in a protein defines its _________structure.
primary
DNA determines the characteristics of an organism by directly controlling the synthesis of _____.
proteins; Reason: DNA has direct control over protein synthesis
The process of cell reproduction in which the cell must copy and transmit its genetic information to its progeny is known as _____. replication transcription synthesis repetition
replication
The _____ structure describes the folding pattern within a segment of the protein chain.
secondary
Genetic modifications that develop in response to changes in environment or to domestication by humans are examples of _____. Multiple choice question. selection genetic engineering
selection
The tertiary structure of a protein results from interactions between the ______ of the amino acid residues.
sidechains
A subtle change in the primary structure of a protein ____ on its properties. Multiple choice question. sometimes has no effect never has a noticeable effect always has a profound effect
sometimes has no effect
What human health problems have been identified as potential concerns related to foods produced by GMOs? Multiple select question. Diabetes Allergies Malnutrition Obesity Cancer
Allergies Cancer
Name the groups in proteins of dna
Amine group: NH2 Carboxylic group: -COOH R side chain: diff for each amino acid
How do plants protect themselves against foreign DNA?
Cell wall
In what ways has insulin been produced for use by humans?
Initially, diabetics were treated with insulin from pigs and cattle. Bacteria have been engineered to produce human insulin.
Match the sizes and chapes of the four bases 1. A + G 2. T + C
1. 6 membered ring and 5 membered ring of atoms fused together 2. only 6 membered ring
Match each description of genetic modification made correctly with the type of modifying force. 1. Human-made genetic modification 2. Genetic modification occurring in nature
1. A farmer "weeds out" all of the tall and scrawny plants from his/her crop. 2. A plant resists a new pathogenic bacterium and is able to survive and pass on its genes.
Large-scale chemical synthesis may be carried out using traditional methods as well as enzyme-driven methods. Match each method to the appropriate description 1. Enzyme-based synthesis 2. Traditional chemical synthesis
1. Reactions are carried out at low temperatures, require fewer toxic reagents, and produce less waste. 2. Reactions are often carried out at high temperatures, may require toxic chemicals, and produce very large amounts of waste.
Special soil bacteria may be used to insert foreign DNA from Bacillus thuringiensis into a plant. Place the steps of this process (shown below) into the correct order, starting with the first step at the top of the list.
1. disable the gene 2. insert a diff gene into bacteria 3. bacteria transfers foreign DNA into genome of plant 4. transgenic plant produces chemicals coded by new DNA
Place the steps in the replication of DNA in the correct order, starting with the first step at the top of the list.
1. double helix rapidly/ partially starts to unwind 2. 2 separated strands of DNA is formed 3. free nucleotides in the cell are H bonded to 2 single strands 4. nucleotides bond together w/ enzyme action 5.2 identical copies formed
Match each of the following types of side groups found in proteins with the type(s) of interaction(s) that they may have with other side chains. Instructions 1. Nonpolar side group 2. Side groups containing acidic or basic sites 3. Polar noncharged side groups
1. group tightly in London forces to avoid interactions with water. 2. often become charged ions and attract opposites in salt bridges 3. may form H bonds
A vector is created by scientists and used to create new copies of a "guest" gene over several steps (given below). Order these steps appropriately, starting with the first step at the top of the list.
1. host plasmid removed from cell 2. special enzyme cut open plasmid @ specific sites 3. DNA from another organism added back to the host 4. modified plasmid (vector) placed back into host 5. bacterium grows rapidly & produces new cells with copies of the "guest" gene and its protein product
Match each codon sequence given below to the amino acid that is signaled for incorporation into a protein. 1. TTC 2. CCG 3. CAC
1. phenylalanine 2. proline 3. histidine
Match each type of amino acid side chain correctly to the way it is oriented with respect to overall protein structure. 1. Nonpolar side chains group toward 2. Polar side chains group toward
1. the inside of the protein 2. the outside of the protein
Match each characteristic of synthetic production of chemicals with its classification as an advantage or a disadvantage. 1. Advantage 2. Disadvantage
1. yields desired chemicals 2. may require high temperatures
Which of the following is an example of genetic engineering? Multiple choice question. A scientist replaces a gene in a plant with a new gene of particular interest. A two-year drought kills 80% of a farmer's crops. The remaining crops survive and proliferate. A human-made bacterium kills 90% of a farmers crops. The remaining crops survive and proliferate. A farmer removes all the plants of a particular species that have small leaves. Over time, only plants with large leaves grow.
A scientist replaces a gene in a plant with a new gene of particular interest.
Within the DNA double helix each base is hydrogen-bonded to another specific base. Match each base given to its complementary base.
Adenine-Thymine Guanine-Cytosine
Which of the following options correctly describe the bases adenine, guanine, thymine, and cytosine?
All contain at least one six-membered ring of atoms. All contain nitrogen atoms within a ring.
True or false: James Watson and Francis Crick were the only scientists involved in creating a model of the structure of DNA.
False; Rosalind Franklin laid the groundwork for James Watson and Francis Crick's model.
What concerns might be raised by the possibility of GM plants spreading into the wild? Multiple choice question. GM crops are planted without any buffer to other ecosystems. None. Current regulations specify where GM crops may be planted. GM plants will create "super insects" that will thrive in the wild.
GM plants will create "super insects" that will thrive in the wild. Reason: Although new resistance traits easily evolve in insects in labs, only a few resistant insects have been reported in the field. Scientist continue to test work to minimize the risk of newly resistant pests.
Which of the following options correctly describe advantageous genetic modifications made to foods? Multiple select question. Beets and corn have been modified to produce sugars that contain fewer calories. Golden rice has been modified to produce significant quantities of vitamin A. Corn has been modified to produce antibiotics that can cure various diseases. Papayas have been developed that have resistance to the ringspot virus.
Golden rice has been modified to produce significant quantities of vitamin A. Papayas have been developed that have resistance to the ringspot virus.
Which of the following are reasons that farmers might suggest for gene modification of crops?
Greater herbicide resistance of the crop Greater disease resistance of the crop Greater pest resistance of the crop Improved nutritional quality of the crop
Which of the following correctly identify possible disadvantages of large-scale traditional chemical production compared to enzyme-driven syntheses? High temperatures may be required. Large quantities of waste may be produced. Toxic chemicals may be required. Large amounts of solvents may be required. Large quantities of useful chemicals may be produced.
High temperatures may be required. Large quantities of waste may be produced. Toxic chemicals may be required. Large amounts of solvents may be required.
Which statement best describes cross breeding?
It is a somewhat random process that takes a long time to complete.
Which of the following options correctly describe the production of polyhydroxybutyrate (PHB) by bioengineered organisms? Multiple select question. The process contributes significantly to acid rain. Less energy is used in this process. The process is extremely efficient. PHB is not biodegradable. The process uses materials of low toxicity.
Less energy is used in this process. The process is extremely efficient. The process uses materials of low toxicity.
Which of the following options correctly identify factors that make the insertion of foreign DNA more complicated for a scientist? It is very difficult to alter DNA. Many organisms have chemical mechanisms that detect and destroy foreign DNA. Plants have thick cell walls that help to protect them from foreign DNA. The DNA from different organisms does not contain the same base pairs.
Many organisms have chemical mechanisms that detect and destroy foreign DNA. Plants have thick cell walls that help to protect them from foreign DNA.
Which of the following statements correctly describes the phosphate group found in DNA? Nucleic acids are acidic due to the presence of the phosphate group. The phosphate group contains one P atom and four O atoms. Depending on the pH, phosphate may be in the form of HPO42- or H2PO4-. Depending on the pH, phosphate may be in the form of HPO43- or H2PO4-.
Nucleic acids are acidic due to the presence of the phosphate group. The phosphate group contains one P atom and four O atoms. Depending on the pH, phosphate may be in the form of HPO42- or H2PO4-.
Which of the following correctly describe plasmids?
Plasmids are rings of DNA. Plasmids are found in small single-celled bacteria in addition to their chromosomes.
Match each level of protein structure to the appropriate description. 1. Primary structure 2. Secondary structure 3. Tertiary structure
Primary structure: The unique identity and sequence of the amino acids that make up each protein Secondary structure: The folding pattern within a segment of the protein chain Tertiary structure: The overall molecular shape of the protein
Which of the following options correctly describe proteins and their synthesis? Multiple select question. Protein synthesis is directed by DNA. Proteins are composed of monosaccharides. Proteins are specialized forms of DNA. Proteins perform important structural functions.
Protein synthesis is directed by DNA. Proteins perform important structural functions.
Which of the following options correctly describe amino acid residues?
Proteins are long chains containing amino acid residues. Amino acid residues are amino acids that have lost an -H and an -OH in the process of bonding together. Proteins are large molecules formed by the linking of amino acid residues.
Which of the following is an advantage of using enzymes in chemical synthesis?
Reusable reagents Low temperatures Faster Safer Low toxicity
Which of the following options correctly describe the structure of DNA? The base pairs lie parallel to the axis of the DNA molecule. The DNA double helix is a spiral of two strands of DNA that coil around a central axis. The two DNA strands are held together by covalent bonds between the base pairs. The base pairs lie parallel to one another and are separated by a distance of 0.3 nm. A complete turn of the helix consists of 10 base pairs.
The DNA double helix is a spiral of two strands of DNA that coil around a central axis. The base pairs lie parallel to one another and are separated by a distance of 0.3 nm. A complete turn of the helix consists of 10 base pairs.
Which of the following options correctly describe the active site of an enzyme? The active site accelerates a desired reaction. The active site is often a crevice. The active site binds only specific reactants. The active site is a noncatalytic region. Need help? Review these concept resources.
The active site accelerates a desired reaction. The active site is often a crevice. The active site binds only specific reactants.
When scientists modify DNA within a cell what changes are observed in the cell?
The chemistry of the cell changes. Different proteins will be synthesized by the genes.
What is directed evolution?
The creation of an environment such that an organism must evolve a new trait to survive
Which of the following are important factors that contribute to the secondary structure of a protein? Multiple select question. The formation of intramolecular hydrogen bonds between the backbone O and N-H of the amide groups The formation of intramolecular hydrogen bonds between the backbone C and N-H of the amide groups The number and spacing of hydrogen bonds The number of hydrogen bonds only
The formation of intramolecular hydrogen bonds between the backbone O and N-H of the amide groups The number and spacing of hydrogen bonds
Which of the following are described by the primary structure of a protein?
The identity of all amino acids in the protein The exact order in which amino acid residues appear in the protein
Which of the following options correctly describe the tertiary structure of a protein?
The overall molecular shape of the protein is described by the tertiary structure. The tertiary structure is defined by interactions between amino acids far apart in sequence, but close in space.
Which of the following options correctly describes the sequence of bases in a strand of DNA?
The sequence of bases in one strand of DNA determines the sequence of bases in its complementary pair. The backbone of a DNA strand determines its directionality. A piece of DNA with the base sequence ATCCG is not the same as a piece with the sequence GCCTA.
Which of the following options correctly describe the different levels of protein structure?
The tertiary structure of a protein is determined by the interactions between different parts of the polypeptide chain. Tertiary structure describes the overall molecular shape of the protein. Secondary structure describes the folding within a segment of the protein chain.
Which of the following options correctly describe natural selection both in the wild and in human agriculture? Multiple select question. These are slow ways of modifying the gene pool. The process is a somewhat random route to modifying the gene pool. Selection in human agriculture leads to rapid modification of the gene pool, while selection in the wild results in slower change. The process involves genetic engineering.
These are slow ways of modifying the gene pool. The process is a somewhat random route to modifying the gene pool.
A codon is _____. (Select all the options that complete this definition correctly.) Multiple select question. a sequence of three adjacent nucleotides that can signal the end of protein synthesis a three-letter grouping of nucleotides that transfers information from DNA to a protein a sequence of three adjacent nucleotides that can signal the start of protein synthesis three adjacent or nonadjacent nucleotides that guide the insertion of a specific amino acid into a protein
a sequence of three adjacent nucleotides that can signal the end of protein synthesis a three-letter grouping of nucleotides that transfers information from DNA to a protein a sequence of three adjacent nucleotides that can signal the start of protein synthesis
The _________ site of an enzyme has a specific three-dimensional shape, allowing the enzyme to bind specifically to certain substrates.
active
An amino acid that has lost a -H atom and an -OH group in the process of bonding together is called a(n) _____.
amino acid residue
A modified plasmid used to carry DNA back into a bacterial host is called a(n) _____________
vector
Anticancer antibodies have been expressed and introduced into _______ plants. Peptide drugs against HIV/AIDS have also been produced from _________ fields.
wheat; tobacco
Which of the following are regular repeating structures that constitute the most common secondary structures of a protein?
α-helix β-pleated sheet
