Chapter 13 Biology
Crossing ove, resulting in genetic variation, occurs between ____.
nonsister chromatids of homologous chromosomes
Mutation
A change in a gene or chromosome.
How are adaptations beneficial to organisms?
Adaptations help organisms survive and reproduce in a particular environment.
comparative embryology
Embryos of vertebrates share many anatomical homologies.
directional selection
Form of natural selection in which the entire curve moves; occurs when individuals at one end of a distribution curve have higher fitness than individuals in the middle or at the other end of the curve
____ are the remains of living things.
Fossils
What form of evidence for evolution was not available to Darwin?
Molecular biology
Charles Darwin ______
Proposed the theory of evolution by natural selection
______ is described as passing on a greater proportion of an organism's genes.
Relative fitness
nonrandom mating
mating between individuals of the same phenotype or by those who live nearby
gene diversity
measures the average percentage of gene loci that are heterozygous
The relationship of the genome to an organism is the same as that of the ____ to a population.
gene pool
All the genes in a population are that population's _____.
gene pool All the alleles of all the genes of a population make up a gene pool.
gene flow
movement of alleles from one population to another
Darwinian fitness
the contribution an individual makes to the gene pool of the next generation relative to the contributions of other individuals
In natural selection _____ determines which phenotypes are successful.
the environment
frequency-dependent selection
the fitness of a phenotype depends on how common it is in the population
Genetic drift is a process based on _____.
the role of chance
molecular biology
the study of heredity at the molecular level
A mutation occurs when _____.
there is a change in the DNA sequence of a gene
sexual reproduction
type of reproduction in which cells from two parents unite to form the first cell of a new organism
What mechanism for evolution was proposed by Lamarck?
Evolution by inheritance of acquired characteristics
Macroevolution
Evolutionary change above the species level.
T or F? Natural selection results from an organisms needs
False
What would disrupt hardy Weinberg equilibrium?
Several homozygous individuals leave the population
The development of larger, stronger males in a population of white tail deer results from _____.
Sexual selection
homologous structures
Structures in different species that are similar because of common ancestry.
population genetics
Study of allele frequency distribution and change under the influence of evolutionary processes.
Biogeography
Study of past and present distribution of organisms
comparative anatomy
The comparison of body structures and how they vary among species
What provides the pressure in natural selection?
The environment
What is true of homologous structures?
They are structurally similar due to inheritance from a common ancestor.
What was not part of Darwin's theory of natural selection?
Traits are inherited as discrete particles
Who developed a theory of evolution identical to Darwin?
Wallace
heterozygous protection
When harmful recessive alleles are masked in heterozygous individuals
An adaptation is _____.
a trait that gives an organism a reproductive advantage in the current environment
Breeding of plants and animals by humans is called
artificial selection
founder effect
change in allele frequencies as a result of the migration of a small subgroup of a population
nucleotide diversity
comparing the nucleotide sequences of DNA samples from two individuals then pooling the data from many such comparisons of two individuals
Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium
condition that occurs when the frequency of alleles in a particular gene pool remain constant over time
neutral variation
differences in DNA sequence that do not confer a selective advantage or disadvantage
The wing of a bat is homologous to the _____ of a whale.
flipper ; The bones of a bat wing and a whale flipper are homologous
What evolves?
populations evolve, not individuals
sexual selection
when individuals select mates based on heritable traits
divergent evolution
when two or more species sharing a common ancestor become more different over time
Lack of genetic variation in a population still in its native environment is most likely due to ____.
A bottleneck effect
bottleneck effect
A change in allele frequency following a dramatic reduction in the size of a population
mass extinction
A large extinction of species in a relatively short period of time
weakness of the fossil record
A large number of earths species probably did not die in the right place at the right time to be captured in fossils.
natural selection
A natural process resulting in the evolution of organisms best adapted to the environment.
natural selection
A process in which individuals that have certain inherited traits tend to survive and reproduce at higher rates than other individuals because of those traits.
Why do bacteria become antibiotic resistant?
Antibiotics in animal feed, overprescribing antibiotics, misuse of antibiotics, simply use.
Broccoli and cabbage are examples of organisms that developed through the process of ____ selection.
Artificial
analogous structures
Body parts that share a common function, but not structure
transitional fossils
Fossils that provide patterns of evolutionary change from the early ancestors to modern life forms.
What type of genetic drift is associated with establishing a new, isolated colony?
Founder effect
convergent evolution
Process by which unrelated organisms independently evolve similarities when adapting to similar environments
In evolutionary terms, an organisms Darwinian fitness is measured by it ______.
Contribution to the next generations gene pool
artificial selection
Breeding organisms with specific traits in order to produce offspring with identical traits.
Homozygous genotype
AA or aa
Heterozygous genotype
Aa
What type of genetic drift results from a natural disaster that significantly reduces population size?
Bottleneck effect
Microevolution
Change in allele frequencies in a population over generations.
fossil record
Chronological collection of life's remains in sedimentary rock layers
gene pool
Combined genetic information of all the members of a particular population
The use of antibiotics contributes to more antibiotic resistance. This is an example of _____ selection.
Directional
Movement of organisms from one population to another is referred to as ______, which may reduce genetic variation between populations.
Gene flow
What is nucleotide diversity a measure of?
Genetic variation in a population.
Heterozygous advantage
Heterozygous alleles have greater selective advantage than either homozygous condition.
Heterozygotes are more fit members of a population. This describes______.
Heterozygous atvantage
Recessive alleles are hidden and protected in a population. This describes _____.
Heterozygous protection.
The wings of a bat and flipper of a whale are considered ______ structures.
Homologous
Who developed a theory of evolution associated with acquired characteristics?
Lamarack
Homologous pairs of chromosomes line up independently during
Metaphase I
What is the change in the frequencies of alleles in a gene pool?
Microevolution
Genetic drift is_____ .
More likely to have impact on small populations.
diversifying selection
Natural selection that favors extreme over intermediate phenotypes.
stabilizing selection
Natural selection that favors intermediate variants by acting against extreme phenotypes
continental drift
The hypothesis that states that the continents once formed a single landmass, broke up, and drifted to their present locations
Generation-to-generation change in the allele frequencies in a population is _____.
microevolution
Hardy-Weinberg equation
p2 + 2pq + q2 = 1
The study of fossils is ___.
paleontology
