Chapter 13 Biology

Crossing ove, resulting in genetic variation, occurs between ____.

nonsister chromatids of homologous chromosomes

Mutation

A change in a gene or chromosome.

How are adaptations beneficial to organisms?

Adaptations help organisms survive and reproduce in a particular environment.

comparative embryology

Embryos of vertebrates share many anatomical homologies.

directional selection

Form of natural selection in which the entire curve moves; occurs when individuals at one end of a distribution curve have higher fitness than individuals in the middle or at the other end of the curve

____ are the remains of living things.

Fossils

What form of evidence for evolution was not available to Darwin?

Molecular biology

Charles Darwin ______

Proposed the theory of evolution by natural selection

______ is described as passing on a greater proportion of an organism's genes.

Relative fitness

nonrandom mating

mating between individuals of the same phenotype or by those who live nearby

gene diversity

measures the average percentage of gene loci that are heterozygous

The relationship of the genome to an organism is the same as that of the ____ to a population.

gene pool

All the genes in a population are that population's _____.

gene pool All the alleles of all the genes of a population make up a gene pool.

gene flow

movement of alleles from one population to another

Darwinian fitness

the contribution an individual makes to the gene pool of the next generation relative to the contributions of other individuals

In natural selection _____ determines which phenotypes are successful.

the environment

frequency-dependent selection

the fitness of a phenotype depends on how common it is in the population

Genetic drift is a process based on _____.

the role of chance

molecular biology

the study of heredity at the molecular level

A mutation occurs when _____.

there is a change in the DNA sequence of a gene

sexual reproduction

type of reproduction in which cells from two parents unite to form the first cell of a new organism

What mechanism for evolution was proposed by Lamarck?

Evolution by inheritance of acquired characteristics

Macroevolution

Evolutionary change above the species level.

T or F? Natural selection results from an organisms needs

False

What would disrupt hardy Weinberg equilibrium?

Several homozygous individuals leave the population

The development of larger, stronger males in a population of white tail deer results from _____.

Sexual selection

homologous structures

Structures in different species that are similar because of common ancestry.

population genetics

Study of allele frequency distribution and change under the influence of evolutionary processes.

Biogeography

Study of past and present distribution of organisms

comparative anatomy

The comparison of body structures and how they vary among species

What provides the pressure in natural selection?

The environment

What is true of homologous structures?

They are structurally similar due to inheritance from a common ancestor.

What was not part of Darwin's theory of natural selection?

Traits are inherited as discrete particles

Who developed a theory of evolution identical to Darwin?

Wallace

heterozygous protection

When harmful recessive alleles are masked in heterozygous individuals

An adaptation is _____.

a trait that gives an organism a reproductive advantage in the current environment

Breeding of plants and animals by humans is called

artificial selection

founder effect

change in allele frequencies as a result of the migration of a small subgroup of a population

nucleotide diversity

comparing the nucleotide sequences of DNA samples from two individuals then pooling the data from many such comparisons of two individuals

Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium

condition that occurs when the frequency of alleles in a particular gene pool remain constant over time

neutral variation

differences in DNA sequence that do not confer a selective advantage or disadvantage

The wing of a bat is homologous to the _____ of a whale.

flipper ; The bones of a bat wing and a whale flipper are homologous

What evolves?

populations evolve, not individuals

sexual selection

when individuals select mates based on heritable traits

divergent evolution

when two or more species sharing a common ancestor become more different over time

Lack of genetic variation in a population still in its native environment is most likely due to ____.

A bottleneck effect

bottleneck effect

A change in allele frequency following a dramatic reduction in the size of a population

mass extinction

A large extinction of species in a relatively short period of time

weakness of the fossil record

A large number of earths species probably did not die in the right place at the right time to be captured in fossils.

natural selection

A natural process resulting in the evolution of organisms best adapted to the environment.

natural selection

A process in which individuals that have certain inherited traits tend to survive and reproduce at higher rates than other individuals because of those traits.

Why do bacteria become antibiotic resistant?

Antibiotics in animal feed, overprescribing antibiotics, misuse of antibiotics, simply use.

Broccoli and cabbage are examples of organisms that developed through the process of ____ selection.

Artificial

analogous structures

Body parts that share a common function, but not structure

transitional fossils

Fossils that provide patterns of evolutionary change from the early ancestors to modern life forms.

What type of genetic drift is associated with establishing a new, isolated colony?

Founder effect

convergent evolution

Process by which unrelated organisms independently evolve similarities when adapting to similar environments

In evolutionary terms, an organisms Darwinian fitness is measured by it ______.

Contribution to the next generations gene pool

artificial selection

Breeding organisms with specific traits in order to produce offspring with identical traits.

Homozygous genotype

AA or aa

Heterozygous genotype

Aa

What type of genetic drift results from a natural disaster that significantly reduces population size?

Bottleneck effect

Microevolution

Change in allele frequencies in a population over generations.

fossil record

Chronological collection of life's remains in sedimentary rock layers

gene pool

Combined genetic information of all the members of a particular population

The use of antibiotics contributes to more antibiotic resistance. This is an example of _____ selection.

Directional

Movement of organisms from one population to another is referred to as ______, which may reduce genetic variation between populations.

Gene flow

What is nucleotide diversity a measure of?

Genetic variation in a population.

Heterozygous advantage

Heterozygous alleles have greater selective advantage than either homozygous condition.

Heterozygotes are more fit members of a population. This describes______.

Heterozygous atvantage

Recessive alleles are hidden and protected in a population. This describes _____.

Heterozygous protection.

The wings of a bat and flipper of a whale are considered ______ structures.

Homologous

Who developed a theory of evolution associated with acquired characteristics?

Lamarack

Homologous pairs of chromosomes line up independently during

Metaphase I

What is the change in the frequencies of alleles in a gene pool?

Microevolution

Genetic drift is_____ .

More likely to have impact on small populations.

diversifying selection

Natural selection that favors extreme over intermediate phenotypes.

stabilizing selection

Natural selection that favors intermediate variants by acting against extreme phenotypes

continental drift

The hypothesis that states that the continents once formed a single landmass, broke up, and drifted to their present locations

Generation-to-generation change in the allele frequencies in a population is _____.

microevolution

Hardy-Weinberg equation

p2 + 2pq + q2 = 1

The study of fossils is ___.

paleontology