Chapter 13: Cardiovascular System

blood vessels that carry blood away from the heart

arteries

Where are the semilunar valves located?

at the exits from the ventricles

Upper chambers of the heart, ___________ receive blood returning to the heart, and have ____________ walls and ear-like ______________.

atria, thin, auricles

The subclavian artery continues into the armpit area, where it becomes the ______________________ artery.

axillary

In the cranial cavity, the vertebral arteries unite to form a __________________ artery that ends as two posterior cerebral arteries.

basilar

The deep veins of the pelvis and lower legs include the posterior tibial veins which unite into the _________________ vein and then the femoral vein, superficial veins include the small and great _____________ veins.

popliteal, saphenous

Semilunar valve function

prevent backflow into the left and right ventricles

Blood vessels can be divided into 2 major pathways, the _________________ circuit, which goes from the heart to the lungs and back, and the _____________ circuit, which goes from the heart to the body cells and back.

pulmonary, systemic

The surge of blood that occurs with ventricular contraction can be felt at certain points in the body as a ____________________.

pulse

A self-exciting mass of specialized cardiac muscle called the _____________ node (____ node), located on the posterior right atrium, which generates the impulses for the heartbeat. (Cardiac conduction)

sinoatrial, SA

Venules

small veins

Arterioles

smallest arteries

In the shoulder region, the axillary artery becomes the ____________________ artery that, in turn gives rise to the ____________ and ______________ arteries.

brachial, ulna, radial

Principal branches of the aortic arch include the ____________________________, left common carotid, and left _____________________ arteries.

brachiocephalic, subclavian

(3) The impulse proceeds to the next conduction structure; the AV bundle (_________________), which splits into the left and right __________________________. These branches give rise to _____________ fibers, which lead into the ventricular myocardium and the papillary muscles.

bundle of his, bundle branches, purkinje

Four factors that affect the blood pressure?

cardiac output, blood volume, peripheral resistance, blood viscosity

The __________ control center of the ______________________ maintains a balance between the two autonomic divisions of the nervous system in response to messages from ____________________, which detect changes in the blood pressure.

cardiac, medulla oblongata, baroreceptors

Blood pressure is partially determined by ________________ output and ____________________ resistance.

cardiac, peripheral

________________ veins drain blood from the heart muscle, and carry it to the coronary ___________, which drains into the right atrium.

cardiac, sinus

The right and left common __________________________ diverge into the external carotid and internal carotid arteries.

carotid arteries

Impulses from the _____________ or _________________ may also influence the cardiac control center. Body temperature and the concentrations of _________ also influence the heart rate.

cerebrum, hypothalamus, ions

At the pelvic brim, the abdominal aorta divides to form the ________________________ arteries that supply the pelvic organs, gluteal area and lower limbs

common iliac

tripcuspid valve

connects right atrium to right ventricle

bicuspid (mitral) valve

connects the left atrium to the left ventricle

Depolarization leads to ______________ and repolarization leads to ________________.

contraction, relaxation

The first branches off the aorta which carry oxygen-rich blood , are the right and left _____________________ arteries that feed the heart itself.

coronary

The branches of the ascending aorta are the right and left _____________________________ that lead to the heart muscle.

coronary arteries

The _____________________________ gives rise to many small arteries to the thoracic wall and thoracic viscera.

descending (thoracic) aorta

The inner layer of the heart the ____________________ is smooth and made up of connective tissue and epithelium, and is continuous with the _________________ of major vessels joining the heart.

endocardium, endothelium

The wall of the heart is composed of three distinct layers:

epicardium, myocardium, endocardium

The outermost layer of the heart, the epicardium, is made up of connective tissue and _______________ and contains blood and lymph capillaries along with __________________ arteries that provide blood to the heart.

epithelium, coronary

External iliac artery lead to the legs, where they become the ______________, popliteal, ________________________ and posterior tibial arteries.

femoral, anterior tibial

The heart has ____ chambers

four

Cardiovascular system is made up of the:

heart and blood vessels

Blood draining from the intestines enters the __________ ______________ system and flows directly to the ________.

hepatic portal, liver

Areas with a great deal of metabolic activity (leg muscles, for example) have _______ densities of capillaries.

higher

When the atria fills with blood, pressure in the atria is _____ than that of the ventricles, which forces the ________ and _____________ valves open.

higher, tricuspid, mitral

_______________________ pressure drives the passage of fluids and small molecules out of the capillary.

hydrostatic

Impulses from the sympathetic system ______________ and impulses from the parasympathetic _____________ heart rate.

speed up, slow down

When the ventricles contract the pressure inside them ____________ sharply, causing the _______________________ and _________________ valves to close, and the _________________________ and _______________ valves to open.

increases, tricuspid, mitral, pulmonary, aortic

Veins from the legs and lower trunk drain into the ______ ______ _________ and drain into the right atrium.

inferior vena cava

Common iliac arteries divide into __________________ and __________________ iliac arteries.

internal, external

How do veins differ from arteries?

Veins are not as thick as arteries, have valves to control the direction of blood flow

Cardiac output is the product of _____________________ and _____________________, and a number of factors affect these variables including exercise, emotions, volume of blood, temperature, etc.

stroke volume, heart rate

The ___________________ veins drain the head and unite with the subclavian veins to form the _________________________ veins.

jugular, brachiocephalic

Path of blood through the heart

1.superior and inferior vena cava (from the body) 2.right atrium 3.tricuspid valve 4.right ventricle 5.pulmonary valve 6. pulmonary trunk 7. pulmonary arteries 8. pulmonary veins (from lungs) 9. Left atrium 10. mitral valve 11. left ventricle 12. aortic valve 13. descending aorta

The average adult heart is ____________ cm long and _________ cm wide.

14, 9

The heart lies posterior to the sternum; its apex extends to the _______ intercostal space.

5th

Hepatic veins drain the ____________, gastric veins drain the ___________, superior mesenteric veins lead from the small intestine and colon, the splenic vein leaves the spleen and pancreas, and the inferior ____________________ vein which carries blood from the lower intestinal area.

liver, stomach, mesenteric

During ventricular contraction, arterial pressure is at its ____________ or ________________ pressure. When ventricles are relaxing, arterial pressure is at its __________________ or ____________ pressure.

maximum, systolic, minimum, diastolic

The middle layer of the artery wall is called the _____________ and is made up of smooth muscle and elastic connective tissue.

media

Veins of the Pelvis and Lower Limbs

merge to form the inferior vena cava

Veins

Blood vessels that carry blood back to the heart

The posterior cerebral arteries help form the ________ ___ _______ that provides alternate pathways through which blood can reach the brain.

Circle of Willis

septum

Divides the right and left chambers of the heart

Specialized cardiac muscle tissue conducts impulses throughout the ____________________ and comprises the cardiac conduction system.

myocardium

The middle layer of the heart, the __________________________, consists of cardiac muscle and is the thickest layer of the heart wall.

myocardium

Heart sounds: first sound "lubb"

First Sound is the first valve closing - Beginning of ventricular systole contraction

Which part of the pathway is systemic?

From the left ventricle, to the body cells through the aorta, systemic arteries, capillaries and veins, and returning to the right atrium through the superior and inferior vena cava

Which part of the pathway is pulmonary?

From the right ventricle, through the pulmonary trunk, arteries, capillaries, and veins, and returning to the left atrium

Structure of the heart:

It is hollow and cone-shaped muscular pump within the mediastinum and rests on the diaphragm.

(3)________________________ fibers are small allowing the atria to contract before the impulse spreads rapidly over the ventricles. (cardiac conduction)

Junctional

Capillaries

Microscopic vessel containing a layer of endothelium, through which exchanges take place between the blood and cells of the body

(ECG) The first wave, the_________ wave, corresponds to the ________________________ of the atria. The____________complex corresponds to the depolarization of the ventricles and hides the ________________________ of the atria.

P, depolarization, QRS, repolarization

____________________ sphincters can regulate the amount of blood entering a capillary bed, and are controlled by the ____________ concentration in the area.

Precapillary, oxygen

Skeleton of the heart

Rings of dense connective tissue surround the pulmonary trunk and aorta to provide attachments for the heart valves and muscle fibers. -PREVENT dilating of tissue

ECG (2) The _________ wave ends the ECG pattern and corresponds to ventricular ______________________.

T, repolarization

second heart sound

occurs as ventricles relax and aortic and pulmonary valves are closing

At the venular end of the capillary, _______________ pressure, due to the proteins in the blood, causes much of the tissue fluid to return to the bloodstream. ______________________ capillaries collect excess tissue fluid and return it to the circulation.

osmotic, Lymphatic

Why do plasma proteins remain in the blood?

They are too large to get through the capillary walls

What is the function of pulmonary circulation?

To oxygenate the blood and remove carbon dioxide.

sinatrial (SA) node

pacemaker of the heart

The chordae tendineae are attached to the ___________________ muscles in the inner heart wall, which contract during ventricular contraction to prevent _________________ of blood through the AV valves.

papillary, backflow

As the ventricles contract __________________ muscles contract, pulling on __________________ and preventing backflow of blood through the tricuspid and mitral valves.

papillary, chordae tendineae

At the base of the heart, the inner layer folds back to become the _________________ _______________________.

parietal pericardium

Between the visceral and parietal layers of the pericardium is a potential space called the __________________ cavity and it is filled with ______________ fluid which reduces friction.

pericardial, serous

Branches of the ______________________ as well as other arteries, supply the abdominal wall with blood.

abdominal aorta

The heart muscle requires a continuous supply of oxygen-rich blood, so smaller branches of arteries often have _________________________ as alternate pathways for blood, should one pathway become blocked.

anastomoses

The _______________ is the largest body's largest artery.

aorta

Arteries to the head, neck and brain include branches of the _______________________ and common _______________ arteries.

subclavian, carotid

Veins from the head and upper torso drain into the _____ _____ ____ and drain into the right atrium.

superior vena cava

The abdominal aorta gives off the following branches: celiac, superior mesenteric, ____________________, renal, ____________, inferior mesenteric, and common ___________ arteries.

suprarenal, gonadal, iliac

The SA node is supplied by branches of the __________________ and ______________________ systems, so the CNS helps to control the heart rate.

sympathetic, parasympathetic

A mass of merging fibers that act as a unit is called a functional ________________________ : one exists in the atria and one of the ventricles.

syncytium

(2)After the sinoatrial node, impulses spread next to the atrial ___________________; it contracts, and impulses travel to the junctional fibers leading to the ____________________________ node (_________ node) located in the septum. (cardiac conduction)

syncytium, atrioventricular, AV

Impulses spread next to the atrial __________, it contracts and impulses travel to the junctional fibers leading to the ________________ node (____ node) located in the septum.

syncytium, atrioventricular, AV

The cardiac cycle consists of the atria beating in unison, called atrial ___________________, while the ventricles rest, called ventricular __________________.

systole, diastole

The pericardium consists of two layers:

the outer, tough connective tissue fibrous pericardium, surrounding the delicate double-layered sac that surrounds the heart.

blood pressure (arterial pressure)

the pressure that is exerted by the blood against the walls of blood vessels

chordae tendineae

thin bands of fibrous tissue that attach to the valves in the heart and prevent them from inverting

Branches of the ____________________________ and subclavian artery supply the thoracic wall with blood.

thoracic aorta

Differences in _______________ and __________________ pressures, derived from the breathing process, draw blood back up the veins.

thoracic, abdominal

Function of the Cardiovascular system

to deliver oxygen and nutrients and to remove carbon dioxide and other waste products

What is the function of systemic circulation?

to distribute oxygen to tissues throughout the body

The outer layer of the artery wall is called the ___________________.

tunica externa

The wall of the artery consists of an inner endothelial layer called the _______________.

tunica interna

During the cardiac cycle, pressure within the heart chambers rises and falls. These pressure changes open and close ______________

valves

Arteries are capable of ____________ as directed by the ___________ impulses; when impulses are inhibited, the diameter of the vessel ___________ which is called ______________.

vasoconstriction, sympathetic, increases, vasodilation

The _________________________ center of the __________________________ in the brain stem can adjust sympathetic impulses to ________________________ in arteriole walls, adjusting blood pressure.

vasomotor, medulla oblongata, smooth muscle

Pressure inside the atria rises further as they contract, forcing the remaining blood into the ____________________.

ventricles

Below the atria, thick-muscled _______________ pump blood to the _______ and ________.

ventricles, body, lungs

After ventricular diastole, both ventricles contract called __________________________, while the atria relax, called _____________________. Then the entire heart relaxes for a brief moment.

ventricular systole, atrial diastole

Blood pressure at the _______________ end of a capillary is almost zero, so other factors help to return blood to the heart. Contractions of _______________ muscles squeeze blood back up veins one valve at a time.

venular, skeletal

The ________________ arteries supply the vertebrae and their associated ligaments and muscles.

vertebral

The inner layer directly covers the heart and is called the ____________________ pericardium.

visceral

Veins have the same three layers as arteries and have a flap like _______ inside to prevent backflow of blood?

vlaves