Chapter 13 European History Terms

Consubstantiation

Luther's teaching that Christ is actually present in the Eucharist although the bread and wine do not become his body and blood.

Henry of Navarre / Henry IV (r. 1589-1610)

Political leader of the Huguenots and a member of the Bourbon dynasty. He succeeded to the throne as Henry IV. He realized that as a Protestant he would never be accepted by Catholic France, so he converted to Catholicism. When he became king in 1594, the fighting in France finally came to an end. During his reign, he sharply lowered taxes and instead charged royal officials an annual fee to guarantee the right to pass their positions down to their heirs. He also improved the infrastructure of the country, building new roads and canals and repairing the ravages of years of civil war.

Union of Utrecht (est. 1581)

The alliance of seven northern provinces (led by Holland) that declared its independence from Spain and formed the United Provinces of the the Netherlands.

Council of Trent (1545-1563)

The congress of learned Roman Catholic authorities that met to reform abusive church practices and reconcile with the Protestants.

Mary Tudor (r. 1553-1558), "Bloody Mary"

The daughter of Henry VIII and Catherine of Aragon. She was Queen of England from 1553 to 1558, and she was the wife of Philip II of Spain. When she tried to restore Roman Catholicism to England, many Protestants were burned at the stake as heretics, giving her the nickname, "Bloody Mary."

The Elect

The people God chose to save.

Ursulines

This was an order for women that established convents in Italy and France for the religious education of girls for all social classes that became very influential.

Transubstantiation

Catholic doctrine of the Eucharist: that when the bread and wine (the elements) are consecrated by the priest at Mass, they are transformed into the actual Body and Blood of Christ.

Catherine of Aragon

First wife of Henry VIII. She was the mother of Mary I, and Henry VIII's desire for a divorce from her caused England's break with Rome.

Huguenots

French Calvinists.

Calvin / The Institutes of the Christian Religion (1536/1559)

John Calvin's publication that was the cornerstone of his theology. It provided the belief in the absolute sovereignty and omnipotence of God and the total weakness of humanity. It was Calvin's formulation of Christian doctrine, which became a systematic theology for Protestantism.

Jesuits

Members of the Society of Jesus, founded by Ignatius Loyola, whose goal was the spread of the Roman Catholic faith.

Pope Paul III (1534-1549)

Most important pope in reforming the Church and challenging Protestantism. Rather than instituting new doctrines, he sought to improve church discipline through existing doctrine. The Catholic Reformation was both a response to the gains of Protestantism and the response to critics within the church that abuses needed to be reformed.

Anti-Clericalism

Opposition to the clergy.

Simony

Practice of selling positions in the Church

United Provinces (est. 1609)

Province who practiced religious toleration, and was a republic who had an elected governor whose power depended on the support of merchants and landholders. England supplied money and troops. Hostilities ended in 1609 when Spain agreed to a truce that recognized the independence of these provinces.

Edict of Nantes (1598)

A document issued by Henry IV of France in 1598, granting liberty of conscience and of public worship to Calvinists, which helped restore peace in France.

Indulgence

A document issued by the Catholic Church lessening penance or time in purgatory, widely believed to bring forgiveness of all sins.

German Peasants' War (1525)

Series of uprisings in Germany the 16th century; Involved tens of thousands of peasants; combined a whole series of agrarian grievances with an awareness of the new religious spirit preached by Martin Luther. It directed against secular and ecclesiastical lords, and attacked both economic and religious abuses. It was ruthlessly crushed.

Ninety-Five Theses (1517)

Document written by Martin Luther and posted on a church door in Germany that listed things that Luther saw wrong with the church.

Augsburg Confession (1530)

Drawn up by Philip Melanchthon; an agreed statement of core Lutheran doctrine.

Elizabethan Settlement

Elizabeth and Parliament required conformity to the Church of England but people were, in effect, allowed to worship Protestantism and Catholicism privately.

War of the Three Henrys (1584-1598)

French civil war because the Holy League vowed to bar Henry of Navarre from inheriting the French throne. It was supported by the Holy League and Spain's Philip II. Henry of Guise battled Henry III of Valois and Henry of Navarre.

Absenteeism

Frequent absence from work or another place without a good explanation.

Thomas Cromwell (1485-1540)

He became King Henry VII's close adviser following Cardinal Wolsey's dismissal. He and his contemporary Thomas Cranmer convinced the king to break from Rome and made the Church of England increasingly more Protestant.

Anne Boleyn

Henry VIII mistress during the time of the English Reformation, she gave birth to Elizabeth, future queen of England. One of the reasons Henry VIII wanted to get his marriage to Catherine annulled is so that he could marry her. She became Henry's second wife.

Supremacy Act (1534)

Henry VIII of England declared that he was independent from the Pope's control, and therefore his entire country would belong instead to the Anglican church. This act made him the head of the church and the ultimate religious authority in England.

Thomas Cranmer (1489-1556) / Book of Common Prayer (1549)

In 1532, he became Archbishop of Canterbury under Henry VIII. He was largely responsible for shaping the Church of England after the Reformation. He wrote the Book of Common Prayer.

Predestination

The teaching that God has determined the salvation or damnation of individuals based on his will and purpose, not on their merit or works.

Mary, Queen of Scots (r. 1542-1567)

A Catholic relative to Protestant Queen Elizabeth I of England. She allegedly plotted with Spain's Philip II to overthrow Elizabeth and reassert Catholicism in England, so Elizabeth had her beheaded.

Ignatius Loyola (1491-1556)

A Spanish churchman and founder of the Jesuits. His order of Roman Catholic priests proved an effective force for reviving Catholicism during the Catholic Reformation.

Spanish Armada (1588)

An "Invincible" group of ships sent by King Philip II of Spain to invade England in 1588 as a religious crusade against Protestantism. The Armada was defeated by smaller, more maneuverable English "sea dogs" in the Channel along with weather. This marked the beginning of English naval dominance and fall of Spanish dominance.

Elizabeth I (r. 1558-1603)

An English Protestant queen who created a strong, centralized monarchy based on national unity and a sharing of power between monarchy and Parliament.

Luther / On Christian Liberty (1520)

Written by Martin Luther; about the main themes of Luther's theology: importance of faith, relationship of Christian faith and good works, dual nature of human beings, and fundamental importance of scripture in Christian life.

Peace of Augsburg (1555)

A document in which Charles V recognized Lutheranism as a legal religion in the Holy Roman Empire. The faith of the prince determined the religion of his subjects, but they were only given two choices, Catholicism or Lutheranism.

John Calvin (1509-1564)

A Frenchman, who was influenced by Luther and started the religion Calvinism. He believed in the concept of predestination, and he became a highly influential Protestant leader. He wrote The Institutes of the Christian Religion in 1535, which expressed his view on Christian teachings as faith oriented. His followers in France were known as Huguenots.

Martin Luther (1483-1546)

A German monk who in 1517, took a public stand against the sale of indulgences by nailing his 95 Theses to the door of the castle church in Wittenburg; he believed that people did not need priests to interpret the Bible for them. He also believed faith alone is the key to salvation. His actions began the Reformation.

Charles V (1500-1558)

A Habsburg ruler of Spain, New World, Netherlands, Naples, Austria, and Holy Roman Empire. He inherited a large amount of power from his parents and attempted to unify provinces in Holy Roman Empire, but was unsuccessful due to the resistance of the German princes

John Knox (1505?-1572) / Presbyterian

A Scottish religious reformer and founder of Presbyterianism in Scotland. He wrote First Blast of the Trumpet Against the Terrible Regiment of Women to provoke a revolt against Mary Tudor. It was published in the year of Elizabeth's coronation; Elizabeth thought it was against her and she never truly forgave him.

Ulrich Zwingli (1484-1531)

A Swiss reformer influenced by Christian humanism. He looked to the state to supervise the church. He banned music and relics from services. He followed Erasmus, and did not believe in consubstantiation nor transubstantiation. He believed the bread and wine was a symbol of the blood and body of Christ. He was killed in a civil war.

Iconoclasm

A belief that the practice of worshiping and honoring objects such as icons was sinful.

Dutch Revolt (1566-1587)

A clash of cultures: economically lethargic/Catholic Spain vs. economically vibrant increasingly Protestant Netherlands.

Habsburgs

A dynastic family originating in Austria that provided many rulers in the Austria, Netherlands, Spain, and the Holy Roman Empire.

Henry VIII (r. 1509-1547)

A king of England that is denied an annulment for his marriage with Catherine of Aragon by the pope. Once the defender of faith, he goes to Parliament to make him the head of the Church of England. He expresses the spread of reformation and dissatisfaction with the church.

Anabaptists

A member of a radical movement of the 16th-century Reformation that viewed baptism solely as an external witness to a believer's conscious profession of faith, rejected infant baptism, and believed in the separation of church from state, in the shunning of nonbelievers, and in simplicity of life.

Johann Tetzel

A monk Luther found offensive because he sold indulgences with the slogan "As soon as the coin in the coffer rings, the soul from purgatory springs."

French-Religious Wars (1559-1598)

A period of civil infighting and military operations, primarily fought between French Catholics and Protestants (Huguenots). The conflict involved the factional disputes between the aristocratic houses of France, such as the House of Bourbon and House of Guise, and both sides received assistance from foreign sources. It ended by Edict of Nantes, issued by Henry IV's (Navarre).

Pilgrimage of Grace (1536)

A protest against Henry VIII because of his decision to break off from the Roman Catholic Church. It was a massive rebellion that proved the largest in English history. The "pilgrims" accepted a truce, but their leaders were arrested, tried, and executed.

Puritans

A religious group who wanted to purify the Church of England. They came to America for religious freedom and settled Massachusetts Bay.

Habsburg-Valois Wars

A series of conflicts from 1494 to 1559 between the leading European powers for control of the Italian states.

Diet of Worms (1521)

A series of imperial meetings at the bishop's palace at Worms in the Rhineland where Luther defended his doctrines before the emperor Charles V. On April 18, Luther declared his final refusal to recant those doctrines, and on May 26, Charles V issued an imperial Edict condemning those doctrines.

Purgatory

A state of final purification after death and before entrance into heaven for those who died in God's friendship, but were only imperfectly purified; a final cleansing of human imperfection before one is able to enter the joy of heaven.

Counter-Reformation

A time when the Catholic church banned books and used its courts to punish people who protested Catholic ways. It was a reform movement within the Roman Catholic Church that began in the mid-sixteenth century in reaction to the Protestant Reformation.

Index of Prohibited Books

A weapon of the Counter-Reformation of the Catholic Church; this documented books that disagreed with or criticized the Church. There was an early one issued by Pope Paul IV and another from the Council of Trent. This was supposed to protect people from immoral or incorrect theological works, but included scientific writing.

Teresa of Ávila (1515-1582)

Began her own order of nuns. They lived in isolation, ate and slept very little and dedicated their lives to praying and meditating.

Geneva/Genevan Consistory

Body of laymen/pastors to watch over people and ensure conformity to an orderly life. Calvin reforms Geneva to a Christian society ruled by God through civil magistrates and reformed ministers.

Politiques

Catholic and Protestant moderates who held that only a strong monarchy could save France from total collapse.

Concordat of Bologna

King Francis I and Pope Leo X reached an agreement that approved the pope's right to receive the first year's income of newly named bishops and abbots, and the pope recognized the French ruler's right to select French bishops and abbots. French kings thereafter effectively controlled the appointment and thus the policies of church officials in the kingdom.

Philip II (r. 1556-1598)

King of Spain and the most powerful ruler in Europe. He reigned over the western Habsburg lands and all the Spanish colonies recently settled in the New World. He was a devout Catholic determined to restore Catholic unity in Europe and lead Christian defense against the Muslims. He was married into four royal families (Portuguese, English, French, and Austrian) which gave him a say in their affairs. He took over Portugal two years after the Portuguese king had died in 1578. He attempted to invade England with the Spanish Armada, but he failed. He was the wife of Mary I of England.

St. Bartholomew's Day Massacre (August 24, 1572)

Occurred at the wedding of Henry of Navarre, which was supposed to unite the Huguenots and Catholic. Instead, Huguenot wedding guests in Paris were massacred, and other Protestants were slaughtered by mobs. Religious violence spread to the provinces, where thousands were killed. This massacre led to a civil war that dragged on for fifteen years. Agriculture in many areas was destroyed; commercial life declined severely; and starvation and death haunted the land.

Pluralism

The practice of holding more than one office or church benefice at a time.

Church of Scotland

The Presbyterian Church that was influenced by Calvinists. It believed they were preordained for heaven, so what they did on earth didn't matter.

Treaty of Cateau-Cambrésis (1559)

The Treaty signed by the French Valois and the Spanish Habsburgs that declared Spain the winner of the Habsburg-Valois War and ended the war. It gave Spain dominance over France in Italy.

Holy Office/Inquisition

Used to stop heresy; if accused of heresy, one must publicly apologize and was susceptible to punishment.