Chapter 13 LAST EXAM

Research suggests that stereotyping __________ allow people to save mental energy __________ enable them to process information more quickly. does, and does does, but does not does not, but does does not, and does not

does, and does

Social psychologists use the term __________ to refer to unequal treatment of different people based on the groups or categories to which they belong. "prejudice" "discrimination" "racism" "stereotyping"

"discrimination"

Research has demonstrated that eyewitnesses are more accurate at identifying people of their own racial or ethnic group than they are at identifying people of other ethnic or racial groups. This tendency is MOST related to the so-called "discontinuity effect." "scapegoat effect." "minimal group effect." "outgroup homogeneity bias."

"outgroup homogeneity bias."

The term __________ is used to refer to a negative attitude or feeling toward an individual based solely on that individual's membership in a certain group. "prejudice" "discrimination" "stereotype" "racism"

"prejudice"

Social psychologists use the term __________ to describe the feeling of fear that people sometimes have that they will confirm a certain stereotype. "discontinuity effect" "aversive racism" "stereotype threat" "self-defeating prophecy"

"stereotype threat"

Which of the following is the BEST definition of "stereotyping"? A negative attitude or feeling toward an individual based solely on that individual's membership in a certain group A negative attitude or feeling toward a racial or ethnic group Unequal treatment of different people based on the groups or categories to which they belong Beliefs that associate groups of people with certain traits.

Beliefs that associate groups of people with certain traits.

According to the textbook, are the tendencies to engage in object categorization and social categorization (regardless of content) tendencies that seem to be innately programmed in people, or tendencies that seem to be culturally learned? Both seem to be innately programmed. Both seem to be culturally learned. Categorization of objects seems to be innately programmed, but social categorization seems to be culturally learned. Social categorization seems to be innately programmed, but categorization of objects seems to be culturally learned.

Both seem to be innately programmed.

Do implicit or explicit prejudiced attitudes do a better job of predicting workplace discrimination in hiring practices? Implicit attitudes are more predictive. Explicit attitudes are more predictive. Implicit and explicit attitudes are equally predictive. It is impossible to determine.

Implicit attitudes are more predictive.

What does the textbook suggest about the accuracy of common stereotypes-do they seem to contain a kernel of truth? Most common stereotypes are flat-out inaccurate. Most common stereotypes are vaguely on the mark-somewhere between flat-out wrong and fairly accurate. Most common stereotypes are fairly accurate in terms of their content, but exaggerate the supposed magnitude of their effects. Most common stereotypes are fairly accurate both in terms of their content and in terms of the supposed magnitude of their effects.

Most common stereotypes are fairly accurate both in terms of their content and in terms of the supposed magnitude of their effects.

Recall Muzafer Sherif's research with two groups of 11-year boys camping at Robber's Cave (the "Eagles" and the "Rattlers"). Which of the following theories BEST accounts for the kind of prejudice that existed between these groups? The contact hypothesis Realistic conflict theory Social dominance theory Symbolic politics theory

Realistic conflict theory

Which of the following statements BEST summarizes the relationship between salience and stereotype formation? Stereotypes can form simply on the basis of salience. Stereotypes cannot form simply on the basis of salience; an emotional or motivational force is also necessary. Stereotypes cannot form simply on the basis of salience; a first-hand interaction is also necessary. Salience is necessary for the formation of stereotypes.

Stereotypes can form simply on the basis of salience.

__________ refer to characteristics of people that are considered socially unacceptable-for example, mental illnesses, disabilities, or scars. Stereotypes Prejudices Biases Stigmas

Stigmas

Which of the following comes closest to the textbook's conclusion regarding the elimination of prejudice? While it is possible to meaningfully reduce specific prejudices, the tendencies for stereotyping and ingroup favoritism appear to be innate. Prejudice could be significantly reduced via education and structural changes to society. Prejudice is not at all inevitable; it exists in some cultures but not in others, suggesting that a prejudice-free culture is wholly possible. Prejudice is more or less natural, and almost all attempts to reduce prejudices have been completely ineffective.

While it is possible to meaningfully reduce specific prejudices, the tendencies for stereotyping and ingroup favoritism appear to be innate.

Which of the following provides evidence of stereotype threat? IQ scores do not accurately predict income. People work harder on things when they are rewarded for successes than they do when they are punished for failures. When intelligence tests are culturally biased (e.g., when they include examples that are only known to particular cultural groups), they tend to reinforce race-based stereotypes about intelligence. Women perform worse than men on math tests when they believe that the test is important, but they perform the same as men when they believe that the test is meaningless.

Women perform worse than men on math tests when they believe that the test is important, but they perform the same as men when they believe that the test is meaningless.

If discrimination is a behavior, then a stereotype is __________ and a prejudice is __________. an affect, a cognition a cognition, an affect a tendency, a habit a habit, a tendency

a cognition, an affect

As discussed in the textbook, stereotyping is BEST thought of as an outgrowth of a prejudice or group of prejudices. a type of prejudice. an example of subtyping. a consequence of the human tendency for social categorization.

a consequence of the human tendency for social categorization.

Researchers Plant and Devine have identified two basic motives that people have for overcoming prejudice: internal and external. According to these researchers, the internal motive is based on self-esteem needs. a belief that individuals are responsible for their own actions. consistency needs. a strong inner belief that prejudice is wrong.

a strong inner belief that prejudice is wrong.

Which of the following refers to the tendency that some people have to simultaneously (a) hold egalitarian values, and (b) experience negative feelings, or feelings of disease, when interacting with minority groups? aversive racism social dominance orientation contact hypothesis discontinuity effect

aversive racism

Mark is a Southern gentleman. He always stands up when a woman enters the room and offers her his chair. He is quick to get the doors for his female companions, and he always pays when they go out. Mark is probably high on hostile sexism. benevolent sexism. confirmation bias. self-serving bias.

benevolent sexism.

In the context of realistic conflict theory, the term "superordinate goal" refers to a goal that is a stepping stone to a larger goal. is symbolic rather than tangible or concrete. can be achieved only by cooperating and working with others. inevitably pits one group against another (i.e., a "zero-sum goal").

can be achieved only by cooperating and working with others.

In Muzafer Sherif's research with 11-year-old boys at a summer camp in Robber's Cave, it was found that __________ tended to increase prejudice, while __________ tended to reduce it. competition, superordinate goals increased contact, superordinate goals superordinate goals, increased contact competition, increased contac

competition, superordinate goals

Whereas the self-fulfilling prophecy states that people often end up doing exactly what they expect they will do, or fear that they will do, the self-defeating prophecy states that people often end up __________ what they expect they will do, or fear that they will do. not even asking themselves doing the exact opposite of looking to others to decide painting the worst possible scenario when imagining

doing the exact opposite of

Research suggests that, by and large, stereotypes function as desires or hopes. hard-and-fast beliefs. fears or suspicions. expectations or hypotheses.

expectations or hypotheses.

Implicit prejudiced attitudes are fairly uncommon and do a poor job of predicting behavior. fairly uncommon, but do a good job of predicting behavior. fairly common, but do a poor job of predicting behavior. fairly common and do a good job of predicting behavior.

fairly common and do a good job of predicting behavior.

Because realistic conflict theory describes people competing over scarce resources, one could argue that it is simply theory applied to group conflict. social categorization scapegoat frustration-aggression theory jigsaw

frustration-aggression theory

Research on prejudice against lesbian and gay people has shown that, in general, gay men experience more prejudice than lesbian women. lesbian women experience more prejudice than gay men. prejudice against these groups appears to be innate, or inborn. there has been strong prejudice against these groups in all known human societies.

gay men experience more prejudice than lesbian women.

Countries that value competition have levels of conflict and levels of economic success. higher, higher higher, lower lower, higher lower, lower

higher, higher

Suppose that some people have just been randomly assigned to two different teams. Research suggests that these people would be likely to exhibit discriminatory behavior (favoring the ingroup, and disfavoring the outgroup) immediately, as soon as the groups had been defined. as soon as their ingroup became an important part of their personal identity. only after the two teams had engaged in direct competition. only after they had "bonded" with their ingroup by enduring a shared hardship.

immediately, as soon as the groups had been defined.

Suppose that Aretha grew up in New York, but currently works in California as a Human Resources Director. While she tries to be unbiased when reviewing job applications, she knows that she has a tendency to favor New York applicants over other applicants. That is, she tends to engage in __________ the discontinuity effect ingroup favoritism stigma by association the minimal group effect

ingroup favoritism

Compared to others, obese people tend to be rated as __________. less attractive (but no less successful, hardworking, or intelligent). less attractive and less successful (but no less hardworking or intelligent). less attractive, less successful, and less hardworking (but no less intelligent). less attractive, less successful, less hardworking, and less intelligent).

less attractive, less successful, less hardworking, and less intelligent).

Researchers have examined whether obese men and women earn less than others, controlling for the same set of qualifications. This has shown that obesity negatively impacts both genders about the same degree. obesity negatively impacts both men and women, but especially women. obesity negatively impacts both men and women, but especially men. obesity negatively impacts women, but does not negatively impact men.

obesity negatively impacts both men and women, but especially women.

People who belong to a different category from yourself are outgroup members. ingroup members. stigmatized. salient.

outgroup members.

The so-called "minimal group effect" MOST directly suggests that prejudices can be "unlearned" just as quickly as they can be "learned." people are predisposed to identify themselves with a larger social group. the more social groups there are, the less prejudice there should be. people are predisposed to divide the world into "us" and "them," and to show a preference for "us."

people are predisposed to divide the world into "us" and "them," and to show a preference for "us."

The outgroup homogeneity effect appears to stem from the fact that when given the option, people tend to automatically classify themselves into the social group with the most variance. people have limited contact and experience with outgroup members. people derogate others in order to maintain positive self-esteem. social categorization is an innate, fundamental human process.

people have limited contact and experience with outgroup members.

Research on prejudice and self-esteem suggests that contrary to popular belief, there is no evidence for a link between prejudice and self-esteem. people may hold prejudices, in part, because doing so bolsters their self-esteem. engaging in prejudice tends to lower people's self-esteem, and people seem, at some level, to know this. people expect that engaging in prejudice will make them feel better about themselves, but it actually tends to lower self-esteem.

people may hold prejudices, in part, because doing so bolsters their self-esteem.

It would be MOST accurate to say that aversive racism captures the idea that people tend to avoid groups against whom they are prejudiced, such that they do not interact much with them to begin with. people tend to come up with complex rationalizations to "justify" prejudiced attitudes or behaviors. people often have mixed feelings toward other groups and sometimes harbor prejudices despite themselves. people sometimes hold prejudiced attitudes toward groups of which they themselves are members.

people often have mixed feelings toward other groups and sometimes harbor prejudices despite themselves.

When you meet a new person, stereotypes typically serve to establish what you want that person to be like. warn you about problems or dangers that the individual presents. guide the assumptions that you have about the individual-which you will hold on to no matter what. provide you with hypotheses to be tested about that individual.

provide you with hypotheses to be tested about that individual.

The idea that people blame their problems and misfortunes on outgroups, and hold negative attitudes toward outgroups accordingly, is known as __________. aversive prejudice the confirmation bias scapegoat theory the self-serving bias

scapegoat theory

In a well-known study using archival data, researchers Hovland and Sears found that-in the southern U.S., between 1882 and 1930-there was a statistically significant correlation between the market price of cotton and the frequency of interracial lynching incidents. This study has typically been interpreted as supporting the contact hypothesis. realistic conflict theory. social dominance theory. scapegoat theory.

scapegoat theory.

When people try to hide, or control, their implicit prejudices, it takes a toll on their ability to __________ when it comes to other tasks. express their emotions use emotional intelligence rely on the automatic system self-regulate

self-regulate

If something is said to be "salient," then it has high status, or is powerful. stands out and is noticeable or memorable. is the opposite of what is expected in a given situation. is exactly in line with what is expected in a given situation.

stands out and is noticeable or memorable.

Randi believes that, compared to white people, Asian people are spiritual. It would be MOST accurate to say that Randi's belief is an example of prejudice. discrimination. racism. stereotyping.

stereotyping

Men tend to be rated less positively when they are seated next to an obese woman than when they are seated next to an average-weight woman. This tendency is known as prejudice contagion. stigma by association. the discontinuity effect. the social contexting bias.

stigma by association.

According to the textbook, one critical reason why people hold on to their stereotypes-even in the face of refuting evidence-is that they tend to view pieces of refuting evidence as "exceptions," which constitute their own (new) categories. That is, they tend to create __________. typologies biases prototypes subtypes

subtypes

Suppose that Paul is gay, but he does not fit your stereotype of gay people: He wears baggy jeans, constantly swears, has sloppy table manners, and enjoys sports. Instead of changing the way you think about gay people as a group, however, you just decide that Paul belongs to a special class of gay people ("gay jocks"). This would be an example of the self-fulfilling prophecy. aversive prejudice. subtyping. the outgroup homogeneity bias.

subtyping

White people who are prejudiced against blacks, but externally motivated to respond without prejudice, tend to behave in unprejudiced ways when trying to look good or say the right thing in the presence of others. Right after being released from such pressure, they tend to continue to behave in unprejudiced ways. tend to behave in their (default) prejudiced way. tend to respond with a backlash and actually express more prejudice than usual. are unpredictable-sometime behaving in extremely prejudiced ways, and sometimes behaving in extremely unprejudiced ways.

tend to respond with a backlash and actually express more prejudice than usual.

Researchers Darley and Gross (1983) showed different groups of people identical videotape footage of "Hannah," a girl who was said to come either from an impoverished background or from a wealthy background. They found that people stereotyped the girl as intellectually inferior when they were led to believe that she came from an impoverished background. However, this stereotype emerged only when participants saw footage of Hannah performing ambiguously on an oral exam. This finding is BEST explained by the concept of stigma by association. the confirmation bias. the fundamental attribution error. scapegoat theory.

the confirmation bias.

The idea that regular interactions among members of different groups reduce prejudice, so long as the interactions occur under favorable conditions, is known as realistic conflict theory. the acquaintance potential effect. the contact hypothesis. the perspective-taking hypothesis.

the contact hypothesis.

Compared to when two individuals compete, when two groups of people compete, they tend to be extreme and hostile. This is known as the minimal group effect. the discontinuity effect. the group polarization effect. deindividuation.

the discontinuity effect.

Jussim and Harber's (2005) research on the self-fulfilling prophecy and in the classroom found that the effects are quite large--teacher expectations explain student achievement. the effects are quite small--teacher expectations are accurate. teacher expectations are quite inaccurate. teacher's promote the self-defeating prophecy.

the effects are quite small--teacher expectations are accurate.

Suppose that Ms. J. is a third-grade teacher. In her classroom, she requires that students study together in small, multiethnic workgroups, in which each group member is responsible for collecting and communicating to fellow group members a different type of information. It appears that Ms. J. is using the cooperative learning technique known as __________. spider analysis the lexical decision task the discontinuity method the jigsaw classroom

the jigsaw classroom

Most people assume that outgroup members are relatively similar to one another, while ingroup members are relatively different from one another. This tendency is known as the outgroup homogeneity bias. the scapegoat effect. the minimal group effect. the superordinate group bias.

the outgroup homogeneity bias.

In a well-known study conducted by Rosenthal and Jacobson (1968), schoolteachers were told that certain of their students-who were in fact chosen by the researchers at random-were "intellectual bloomers" and had tremendous academic potential. When these students were tested at the end of the year, it was found that their IQ scores had indeed significantly increased (presumably as a result of the special attention and treatment they had received from their teachers). This research MOST clearly demonstrates the self-serving bias. the discontinuity effect. the self-defeating prophecy. the self-fulfilling prophecy.

the self-fulfilling prophecy.

Research suggests that, in general, prejudiced people and non-prejudiced people differ from one another in terms of their automatic responses to other groups. their conscious responses to other groups. both their automatic responses to other groups and their conscious responses to other groups. neither their automatic responses to other groups nor their conscious responses to other groups.

their conscious responses to other groups.

As discussed in the textbook, people are MOST likely to base their stereotypes of a given outgroup on first-hand knowledge of the outgroup. first-hand knowledge of other outgroups. the assumption that the outgroup is just like the ingroup. what they have heard about the outgroup from members of the ingroup.

what they have heard about the outgroup from members of the ingroup.

As described in the textbook, college students sometimes stereotype female professors as less competent than male professors. However, this stereotype only seems to surface when students are evaluated negatively by a female professor. when students are taking classes from both male and female professors. among male students. among students who perform poorly in school.

when students are evaluated negatively by a female professor.