Chapter 13 - Nurses, Physician Assistants, Pharmacists, and Midwives
1873
Bellevue Hospital in NYC, the Connecticut Training School in New Haven, and the Boston Training School were the first accredited schools of nursing established in what year?
physicians
Eliot Freidson's four features that account for subordination of jobs in medicine: (1) the technical knowledge employed in health occupations needs to be approved by __________ (2) workers usually assist _________ in their work rather than replace the skills of diagnosis and treatment (3) such workers are subordinate to the _________ because their work largely occurs at the "request of" the __________; that is, the "doctors orders" provide them with their work requirements (4) among various occupational role in he health field, __________ have the greatest prestige
initial innocence
Fred Davis' six stages of nursing student socialization: first year (1) the stage of _______ __________, which consisted of the nursing students wanting to do things for patients within a secularized Christian-humanitarian ethic of care and kindness, consistent with the lay (mother-surrogate) image of nursing
labeled recognition of incongruity
Fred Davis' six stages of nursing student socialization: first year (2) known as the ________ __________ ___ ___________ stage where nursing students begin to collectively articulate their disappointment and openly question their choice of becoming a nurse - a number of students resign from the school as this point because they do not or can not adjust to the incongruity between lay expectations and actual training
psyching out
Fred Davis' six stages of nursing student socialization: first year (3) known as the "_________ ____" stage where the nursing students, like the medical students in the study by Howard Becker and his associates, attempted to anticipate what their instructors wanted them know and to concentrate upon satisfying these requirements
role simulation
Fred Davis' six stages of nursing student socialization: first year (4) stage that is termed ______ _________ that is characterized by students performing so as to elicit favorable responses from the instructors at the end of the first year - the approved mode of behavior was the exhibition of an objective and "professional" attitude toward patient care
nurses, doctors
_______ value trust and respect on the part of doctors and being regarded as intelligent participants in patient care ________, on their part, appreciate nurses who were competent and helpful and had good communication skills
nursing
________ represents the largest single group of health workers in the United States
registered nurses
__________ _______ have expanded their range of services to include hospital administration, primary-care healing, nurse anesthetist, cardiovascular nurse specialists, and other areas of specialization in nursing
nursing students
___________ __________ have traditionally been characterized as having lower-middle-class and working-class social origins
mother-surrogate
a popular public image of the nurse in Western society was that of a "_______-_______," in which nursing was equated with the mothering function
Nightingale system
after the establishment of the nursing school at St. Thomas Hospital, other schools were also established, and within a few years, the "___________ ________" became the model for nursing education
St. Thomas Hospital
after the war, Nightingale led a successful fund-raising effort that generated enough money to organize a nursing school at __ ________ Hospital in London
professional
although Nightingale's system portrayed nurses as "disciplined angels" having the attributes of the mother and the housekeeper, it did little to establish the view of nurses as having qualities of leadership and independence that necessary for true ___________ status
most
among RNs, the baccalaureate nurse is now considered as the ______ professional, yet associate degree and diploma nurses consider themselves to also be professional
Florence Nightingale
an English Protestant from a respectable middle-class family, this person believed that God had called her to the service of Christianity through nursing as a result of a vision she had experienced in 1837
profit
five reasons that nurses are no longer willing to be treated as mere subordinates by physicians: (1) a declining public esteem for doctors due to widespread questioning of the _______ motive in medical practice and greater recognition that physicians make mistakes
women
five reasons that nurses are no longer willing to be treated as mere subordinates by physicians: (2) the increased number of ________ doctors; when they interact with female nurses, the stereotypical roles of male domination and female submission are missing
Nightingale
in 1853, ____________ established a hospital for "Sick Gentlewomen in Distressed Circumstances" and staffed it with trained nurses from good families - was not entirely successful because the role conflict between the duties of the nurse and the prevailing standards of proper behavior for "ladies" - being reluctant to view nudity during physical examinations
Crimean War
in 1854, the _________ _____ afforded Nightingale a much better opportunity to establish nursing as a formal occupation - she and her group sailed for the Crimea where she offered the nursing services of her women to the British military for sick and wounded troups
nursing
late 1800s, early 1900s, ________ was an attractive occupation for many women because it afforded an opportunity for them to make a living and also to have a respectable position in the community
pharmacists
no longer just prepare and dispense medications but also provide advice, information, and instructions about drug use to other health personnel - explain the effects of prescription drugs and levels of doses primarily to patients and at times to practitioners - receive a doctor of pharmacy (Pharm.D.) for six years of study beyond high school
registered nurse
nurse that generally has the most advanced training and professional qualifications of any of the nursing workers - is generally a female who is matched occupationally with a physician whose role is dominant and who, in the past, was likely to be a male
men
orderlies and attendants are usually _____ employed to care for male patients and perform whatever heavy duties are required in nursing care
physician, mother
the Nightingale system emphasized a code of behavior that idealized nurses as being responsible, clean, self-sacrificing, courageous, cool headed, hardworking, and obedient to the _________ and possessing the tender qualities of the ________
noncompliance
the Rank and Jacobson experiment showed that 16 out of 18 nurses decided on their own not to administer the lethal does of Valium to a patient off of the doctors orders showing the high rate _____________ was due to an increased willingness among hospital personnel to challenge a doctor's orders in contemporary medical practice
Minnesota
the first university based nursing school was the University of __________ in 1909
health care reform
the image of nursing as a career has been enhanced, especially as the 2010 ______ ______ ________ legislation should facilitate the entrance of million of additional patients into the nation's health care system on a regular basis
licensed practical nurse
the nurse in charge of the bedside care of patients - also may assist in the supervision of auxiliary nursing workers, such as certified nurse's aides (CNAs)
assertiveness, male, female
three developments that are signs of gender inequality losing power in nurse-physician relationship: (1) greater ____________ by nurses (2) increase number of _______ nurses (3) the growing number of __________ doctors
associates
three types of programs available for RNs: (1) two-year __________ degree programs usually located in junior or community colleges
diploma
three types of programs available for RNs: (2) hospital-based ________ schools requiring two-and-a-half to three years of study - relatively inexpensive, yet place graduates on the same career track as those from diploma or baccalaureate degree schools
nurse-midwives
two types of midwives: (1) _______-_________ who assists to deliver babies under the supervision of a physician
nurse specialization
what allows nurses to develop, demonstrate, and communicate to physicians their superiority in certain important spheres of patient care?
6%
what percentage of all RNs are currently men? - they are more likely to voice their opinions than female nurses and to have their opinions accepted by male physicians
19th century
what time period was nursing not an occupation held in high regard by the general public?
midwives
women who assist a mother during childbirth - one of the earliest forms of care available for women - medical profession has developed strong opposition to this technique arguing that surgical skills and knowledge of drugs, as well as more sanitary conditions found in hospital delivery rooms, were far superior to any service midwives provide
provisional internalization, stable internalization
Fred Davis' six stages of nursing student socialization: last 2 years (5) ___________ ____________ (6) ________ _____________ - during these final two stages, the nursing students took on a temporary self-identity as a "professional" nurse, as defined by the faculty, and settled in this identification by the time of their graduation
registered nurses (RNs)
are responsible for the nature and quality of all nursing care patients receive, as well as for following the instructions of physicians regarding patients - they also supervise practical nurses and other health personnel involved in providing patient care
salvation
before the late 1800s, nursing in hospitals where patients were usually dirty and illiterate as well as diseased was regarded by the church as a means of attaining spiritual _________
secular
besides nuns, there were ________ nurses working in public hospitals - these women were characterized as "women off the streets" or "of bad character," who were considered as little or no better than the low class of patients for whom they provided services for
shortage
five reasons that nurses are no longer willing to be treated as mere subordinates by physicians: (3) the nursing _________ has emphasized to doctors the value of highly trained, competent nurses
academic
five reasons that nurses are no longer willing to be treated as mere subordinates by physicians: (4) most nurses today are educated in ___________ settings, where they view this as a mean of enhanced skills and status
autonomy
five reasons that nurses are no longer willing to be treated as mere subordinates by physicians: (5) the women's movement may be encouraging nurses to define their own roles with greater ___________
nuns
following the rise of Christianity in the Western world, the practice of nursing as a formal occupation was significantly influenced by the presence of large numbers of _____ who performed nursing services under the auspices of the Roman Catholic Church
hospital administration
in order to reach the top of the medical hierarchy, the nurse is forced to leave nursing altogether and become a doctor or pursue a career in ________ ____________
shortage
in the 1980s, a __________ of nurses occurred as long hours, stress, and low pay had reduced the attractiveness of nursing as a career field
angels of mercy
in the Crimean War, Nightingale's nurses received considerable publicity from the British press as the "________ __ ______"
physicians assistant (PA)
individuals who typically have a bachelors degree, experience in health care as a nurse or paramedic, and become qualified after completing a __________ __________ training program of 26 months - average annual salary: $86,000 - training either in primary care or in specialties, especially ophthalmology and orthopedics
doctor-nurse game
informal interactions between nurses and physicians where the object is for the nurse to be bold, show initiative, and make significant recommendations to the doctor in a manner that appears passive and totally supportive of the "super-physician" that seeks to avoid disagreement
nurse practitioner (nurse clinician)
nurse that intended to occupy a work position similar to that of the physician assistant role - average annual salary: $83,300 - trained in the diagnosis and management of common ailments needing medical attention - free the physician from the routine tasks of medical practice and allows them to concentrate more fully on the complex medical problems of which their training has prepared them
Fred Davis
person that found that, unlike medical students who desire a medical education as a terminal career, not all nursing students, perhaps not even a majority, view a career in nursing as their primary goal in life
flophouses
prior to the late 19th century, hospitals were generally defined as places for the poor and lower social classes, often little more than "____________"
Doctor of Nursing Practice (DNP)
the _________ ___ __________ _________ degree is for advanced nurses with master's degrees, such as nurse practitioners, and other nurses working as anesthetists, midwives, educators, and executives to acquire doctoral qualification - will be taught advanced clinical skills, collaboration with other health professionals to solve complex clinical problems, leadership, and other topics
baccalaureate
three types of programs available for RNs: (3) four-year and five-year university ______________ programs **most prestigious, as its intended to not only provide training in nursing skills and theory but also to provide the background for becoming a nursing educator or leader
Oleson and Whittaker
two people who, along with Davis, observed that several nursing students did not, either upon entry into nursing school or upon graduation, see themselves as being fully committed to a career in nursing - their major life goal was that of marriage and family
lay midwives
two types of midwives: (2) _____ _________ who assist births on their own