Chapter 13 - Nurses, Physician Assistants, Pharmacists, and Midwives

1873

Bellevue Hospital in NYC, the Connecticut Training School in New Haven, and the Boston Training School were the first accredited schools of nursing established in what year?

physicians

Eliot Freidson's four features that account for subordination of jobs in medicine: (1) the technical knowledge employed in health occupations needs to be approved by __________ (2) workers usually assist _________ in their work rather than replace the skills of diagnosis and treatment (3) such workers are subordinate to the _________ because their work largely occurs at the "request of" the __________; that is, the "doctors orders" provide them with their work requirements (4) among various occupational role in he health field, __________ have the greatest prestige

initial innocence

Fred Davis' six stages of nursing student socialization: first year (1) the stage of _______ __________, which consisted of the nursing students wanting to do things for patients within a secularized Christian-humanitarian ethic of care and kindness, consistent with the lay (mother-surrogate) image of nursing

labeled recognition of incongruity

Fred Davis' six stages of nursing student socialization: first year (2) known as the ________ __________ ___ ___________ stage where nursing students begin to collectively articulate their disappointment and openly question their choice of becoming a nurse - a number of students resign from the school as this point because they do not or can not adjust to the incongruity between lay expectations and actual training

psyching out

Fred Davis' six stages of nursing student socialization: first year (3) known as the "_________ ____" stage where the nursing students, like the medical students in the study by Howard Becker and his associates, attempted to anticipate what their instructors wanted them know and to concentrate upon satisfying these requirements

role simulation

Fred Davis' six stages of nursing student socialization: first year (4) stage that is termed ______ _________ that is characterized by students performing so as to elicit favorable responses from the instructors at the end of the first year - the approved mode of behavior was the exhibition of an objective and "professional" attitude toward patient care

nurses, doctors

_______ value trust and respect on the part of doctors and being regarded as intelligent participants in patient care ________, on their part, appreciate nurses who were competent and helpful and had good communication skills

nursing

________ represents the largest single group of health workers in the United States

registered nurses

__________ _______ have expanded their range of services to include hospital administration, primary-care healing, nurse anesthetist, cardiovascular nurse specialists, and other areas of specialization in nursing

nursing students

___________ __________ have traditionally been characterized as having lower-middle-class and working-class social origins

mother-surrogate

a popular public image of the nurse in Western society was that of a "_______-_______," in which nursing was equated with the mothering function

Nightingale system

after the establishment of the nursing school at St. Thomas Hospital, other schools were also established, and within a few years, the "___________ ________" became the model for nursing education

St. Thomas Hospital

after the war, Nightingale led a successful fund-raising effort that generated enough money to organize a nursing school at __ ________ Hospital in London

professional

although Nightingale's system portrayed nurses as "disciplined angels" having the attributes of the mother and the housekeeper, it did little to establish the view of nurses as having qualities of leadership and independence that necessary for true ___________ status

most

among RNs, the baccalaureate nurse is now considered as the ______ professional, yet associate degree and diploma nurses consider themselves to also be professional

Florence Nightingale

an English Protestant from a respectable middle-class family, this person believed that God had called her to the service of Christianity through nursing as a result of a vision she had experienced in 1837

profit

five reasons that nurses are no longer willing to be treated as mere subordinates by physicians: (1) a declining public esteem for doctors due to widespread questioning of the _______ motive in medical practice and greater recognition that physicians make mistakes

women

five reasons that nurses are no longer willing to be treated as mere subordinates by physicians: (2) the increased number of ________ doctors; when they interact with female nurses, the stereotypical roles of male domination and female submission are missing

Nightingale

in 1853, ____________ established a hospital for "Sick Gentlewomen in Distressed Circumstances" and staffed it with trained nurses from good families - was not entirely successful because the role conflict between the duties of the nurse and the prevailing standards of proper behavior for "ladies" - being reluctant to view nudity during physical examinations

Crimean War

in 1854, the _________ _____ afforded Nightingale a much better opportunity to establish nursing as a formal occupation - she and her group sailed for the Crimea where she offered the nursing services of her women to the British military for sick and wounded troups

nursing

late 1800s, early 1900s, ________ was an attractive occupation for many women because it afforded an opportunity for them to make a living and also to have a respectable position in the community

pharmacists

no longer just prepare and dispense medications but also provide advice, information, and instructions about drug use to other health personnel - explain the effects of prescription drugs and levels of doses primarily to patients and at times to practitioners - receive a doctor of pharmacy (Pharm.D.) for six years of study beyond high school

registered nurse

nurse that generally has the most advanced training and professional qualifications of any of the nursing workers - is generally a female who is matched occupationally with a physician whose role is dominant and who, in the past, was likely to be a male

men

orderlies and attendants are usually _____ employed to care for male patients and perform whatever heavy duties are required in nursing care

physician, mother

the Nightingale system emphasized a code of behavior that idealized nurses as being responsible, clean, self-sacrificing, courageous, cool headed, hardworking, and obedient to the _________ and possessing the tender qualities of the ________

noncompliance

the Rank and Jacobson experiment showed that 16 out of 18 nurses decided on their own not to administer the lethal does of Valium to a patient off of the doctors orders showing the high rate _____________ was due to an increased willingness among hospital personnel to challenge a doctor's orders in contemporary medical practice

Minnesota

the first university based nursing school was the University of __________ in 1909

health care reform

the image of nursing as a career has been enhanced, especially as the 2010 ______ ______ ________ legislation should facilitate the entrance of million of additional patients into the nation's health care system on a regular basis

licensed practical nurse

the nurse in charge of the bedside care of patients - also may assist in the supervision of auxiliary nursing workers, such as certified nurse's aides (CNAs)

assertiveness, male, female

three developments that are signs of gender inequality losing power in nurse-physician relationship: (1) greater ____________ by nurses (2) increase number of _______ nurses (3) the growing number of __________ doctors

associates

three types of programs available for RNs: (1) two-year __________ degree programs usually located in junior or community colleges

diploma

three types of programs available for RNs: (2) hospital-based ________ schools requiring two-and-a-half to three years of study - relatively inexpensive, yet place graduates on the same career track as those from diploma or baccalaureate degree schools

nurse-midwives

two types of midwives: (1) _______-_________ who assists to deliver babies under the supervision of a physician

nurse specialization

what allows nurses to develop, demonstrate, and communicate to physicians their superiority in certain important spheres of patient care?

6%

what percentage of all RNs are currently men? - they are more likely to voice their opinions than female nurses and to have their opinions accepted by male physicians

19th century

what time period was nursing not an occupation held in high regard by the general public?

midwives

women who assist a mother during childbirth - one of the earliest forms of care available for women - medical profession has developed strong opposition to this technique arguing that surgical skills and knowledge of drugs, as well as more sanitary conditions found in hospital delivery rooms, were far superior to any service midwives provide

provisional internalization, stable internalization

Fred Davis' six stages of nursing student socialization: last 2 years (5) ___________ ____________ (6) ________ _____________ - during these final two stages, the nursing students took on a temporary self-identity as a "professional" nurse, as defined by the faculty, and settled in this identification by the time of their graduation

registered nurses (RNs)

are responsible for the nature and quality of all nursing care patients receive, as well as for following the instructions of physicians regarding patients - they also supervise practical nurses and other health personnel involved in providing patient care

salvation

before the late 1800s, nursing in hospitals where patients were usually dirty and illiterate as well as diseased was regarded by the church as a means of attaining spiritual _________

secular

besides nuns, there were ________ nurses working in public hospitals - these women were characterized as "women off the streets" or "of bad character," who were considered as little or no better than the low class of patients for whom they provided services for

shortage

five reasons that nurses are no longer willing to be treated as mere subordinates by physicians: (3) the nursing _________ has emphasized to doctors the value of highly trained, competent nurses

academic

five reasons that nurses are no longer willing to be treated as mere subordinates by physicians: (4) most nurses today are educated in ___________ settings, where they view this as a mean of enhanced skills and status

autonomy

five reasons that nurses are no longer willing to be treated as mere subordinates by physicians: (5) the women's movement may be encouraging nurses to define their own roles with greater ___________

nuns

following the rise of Christianity in the Western world, the practice of nursing as a formal occupation was significantly influenced by the presence of large numbers of _____ who performed nursing services under the auspices of the Roman Catholic Church

hospital administration

in order to reach the top of the medical hierarchy, the nurse is forced to leave nursing altogether and become a doctor or pursue a career in ________ ____________

shortage

in the 1980s, a __________ of nurses occurred as long hours, stress, and low pay had reduced the attractiveness of nursing as a career field

angels of mercy

in the Crimean War, Nightingale's nurses received considerable publicity from the British press as the "________ __ ______"

physicians assistant (PA)

individuals who typically have a bachelors degree, experience in health care as a nurse or paramedic, and become qualified after completing a __________ __________ training program of 26 months - average annual salary: $86,000 - training either in primary care or in specialties, especially ophthalmology and orthopedics

doctor-nurse game

informal interactions between nurses and physicians where the object is for the nurse to be bold, show initiative, and make significant recommendations to the doctor in a manner that appears passive and totally supportive of the "super-physician" that seeks to avoid disagreement

nurse practitioner (nurse clinician)

nurse that intended to occupy a work position similar to that of the physician assistant role - average annual salary: $83,300 - trained in the diagnosis and management of common ailments needing medical attention - free the physician from the routine tasks of medical practice and allows them to concentrate more fully on the complex medical problems of which their training has prepared them

Fred Davis

person that found that, unlike medical students who desire a medical education as a terminal career, not all nursing students, perhaps not even a majority, view a career in nursing as their primary goal in life

flophouses

prior to the late 19th century, hospitals were generally defined as places for the poor and lower social classes, often little more than "____________"

Doctor of Nursing Practice (DNP)

the _________ ___ __________ _________ degree is for advanced nurses with master's degrees, such as nurse practitioners, and other nurses working as anesthetists, midwives, educators, and executives to acquire doctoral qualification - will be taught advanced clinical skills, collaboration with other health professionals to solve complex clinical problems, leadership, and other topics

baccalaureate

three types of programs available for RNs: (3) four-year and five-year university ______________ programs **most prestigious, as its intended to not only provide training in nursing skills and theory but also to provide the background for becoming a nursing educator or leader

Oleson and Whittaker

two people who, along with Davis, observed that several nursing students did not, either upon entry into nursing school or upon graduation, see themselves as being fully committed to a career in nursing - their major life goal was that of marriage and family

lay midwives

two types of midwives: (2) _____ _________ who assist births on their own