Chapter 13 part 1 Spinal Cord

gray

The ______ matter of the spinal cord contains the synapses and therefore is the site of synaptic integration.

anterior

The ______ median fissure is a longitudinal groove on the ventral surface of the spinal cord. anterior posterior

lower

The ______ motor neurons (which are the motor neurons connecting the brainstem and spinal cord to muscle fibers) of the descending pathway innervate skeletal muscle. upper lower sensory first-order

motor

The anterior horns of the spinal cord contain somas of somatic ______ neurons. motor sensory

upper

Consider the two motor neurons that form descending pathways. The neurons called the _____

Gray Matter

Where are the neuron cell bodies, dendrites, and synapses found in the CNS? White Matter Gray Matter

Muscles and tendons

Where do the first-order neurons of the spinocerebellar tract originate? The internal organs of the abdomen Muscles and tendons The skin of the upper limbs and chest

Gracile nucleus

Where do the nerve fibers of the gracile fasciculus terminate in the medulla oblongata? Cuneate nucleus Suprathalamic nucleus Gracile nucleus Suprachiasmatic nucleus

Reticular formation

Where do the second-order neurons of the spinoreticular tract terminate? Gracile nucleus Red nucleus Reticular formation

Thalamus

Where do the third-order neurons of the spinoreticular tract run from the pons to? Cerebral cortex Thalamus Cerebellum

decussation

Because the nerve tracts of the spinal cord undergo _____, the right side of the brain communicates with the left side of the body, and vice versa.

upper

Consider the two motor neurons that form descending pathways. The neurons called the _____ motor neurons have their somas in the cerebral cortex or brainstem.

Two

How many neurons are found in a descending tract? Three Four One Two

Thoracic Lumbar Cervical Sacral

Select all that apply Identify the regions of the spinal cord. Thoracic Lumbar Pelvic Cervical Sacral Coccygeal

Ventral funiculus Posterior funiculus Lateral funiculus

Select all that apply What are the three funiculi of white matter found in the spinal cord? Ventral funiculus Descending funiculus Commissure funiculus Ascending funiculus Posterior funiculus Lateral funiculus

contralateral

Since the corticospinal tracts decussate, innervation to the muscles will be across the body or _____.

anterior

The _____ horns of the spinal cord contain the cell bodies of outgoing somatic motor neurons.

Arachnoid

The _____ mater is just below (deep to) the dura mater.

dura

The dural sheath around the spinal cord is formed from the _____ mater.

cone

The end of the spinal cord indicated by the arrow labeled A in the figure is the medullary _____.

terminal

The fibrous strand-like structure indicated by the letter A in the figure is the _____ filum.

commissure

The left and right sides of the gray matter in the spinal cord are connected by the gray _____.

2

The number of neurons in a descending pathway is

That two points are on opposite sides of the body.

What does contralateral mean? That two points are on the same side of the body. That two points are on opposite sides of the body.

That two points are on the same side of the body

What does ipsilateral mean? That two points are on opposite sides of the body That two points are on the same side of the body

Cerebrospinal fluid

What does the central canal of the spinal cord contain? Cerebrospinal fluid Serous fluid Lymph Blood

Decussation

What factor accounts for the fact that the right side of the brain communicates with the left side of the body, and vice versa? Decussation Where it terminates Its length Its thickness

Decussation

What factor accounts for the fact that the right side of the brain communicates with the left side of the body, and vice versa? Where it terminates Decussation Its thickness Its length

The area of the spinal cord that gives rise to the nerves of the upper limbs

What is the cervical enlargement of the spinal cord? The area of the spinal cord where cerebrospinal fluid is produced The area of the spinal cord that gives rise to the nerves of the upper limbs The area of the spinal cord that gives rise to the nerves of the lower limbs and pelvis The area of the spinal cord where cerebrospinal fluid is drained

Dura mater

What is the dural sheath around the spinal cord made of? Arachnoid mater Denticulate ligaments Cerebrospinal fluid Dura mater

A band of gray matter connecting the gray matter of the left side with the gray matter of the right side

What is the gray commissure of the spinal cord? An area of gray matter connecting the anterior horn with the anterior rootlet leaving the spinal cord An area of gray matter connecting the posterior horn with the posterior rootlets entering the spinal cord A band of gray matter connecting the gray matter of the left side with the gray matter of the right side

First

Which order neuron of the spinothalamic tract ends in the posterior horn at the point of entry to the spinal cord? First Fourth Second Third

First

Which order neurons of the spinocerebellar tract originate at muscles and tendons? Second Third Fourth First

Sensory

Which pathways are made up of three neurons? Motor Sensory

Motor

Within the spinal cord, what type of information do the descending tracts carry? Afferent Association Sensory Motor

Three

How many neurons are typically found in an ascending pathway between the receptor and the brain? Four Three One Two

first

In a sensory pathway, the _____ order neuron detects the stimulus and transmits the signal to the spinal cord or brainstem.

Second-order

In a sensory pathway, which neurons run from the spinal cord or brainstem to the thalamus? Second-order Third-order First-order

Second-order

In a sensory pathway, which neurons run from the spinal cord or brainstem to the thalamus? Third-order Second-order First-order

Third-order

In a sensory pathway, which neurons run from the thalamus to the sensory cerebral cortex? Second-order Third-order First-order

L1

In an adult, the spinal cord ends at which vertebra? L5 Co1 S3 L1

lower

In descending pathways, the upper motor neurons synapse with ______ motor neurons in the brainstem or spinal cord. lower second-order first-order

Lower

In descending tracts, which motor neuron innervates the target organ? Intermediate Upper Lower

tracts

In the CNS, bundles of axons that make up white matter are called ______. horns nuclei ventricles tracts

central

In the spinal cord, the _____ canal is lined with ependymal cells and contains cerebrospinal fluid.

Superficial

In the spinal cord, where is the white matter in relation to the gray matter? Distal Deep Superficial Proximal

Contralateral anterolateral system

In the spinoreticular tract, the second order neurons decussate to where? Contralateral anterolateral system Ipsilateral anterolateral system

Contralateral anterolateral system

In the spinoreticular tract, the second order neurons decussate to where? Ipsilateral anterolateral system Contralateral anterolateral system

second

In the spinothalamic tract, the ______ -order neurons decussate from the posterior horn of the spinal cord. second first third

Subarachnoid space

In which does cerebrospinal fluid circulate? Epidural space Subpia space Subdural space Subarachnoid space

Dura mater Arachnoid mater Pia mater

Place the meninges in order from superficial to deep. Pia mater Arachnoid mater Dura mater

Conduction Locomotion Reflexes

Select all that apply Which are functions of the spinal cord? Transduction Conduction Cognition Locomotion Reflexes

Posterior horn Gray commissure Anterior horn

Select all that apply Which spinal cord areas are composed of gray matter? Posterior horn Gray commissure Anterior funiculus Lateral funiculus Anterior horn

Contralateral

Since the corticospinal tracts decussate, they will innervate which muscles? Ipsilateral Contralateral

pia

The _____ mater is the meningeal layer that is closely associated with the contours of the spinal cord.

posterior

The _____ median sulcus is a longitudinal groove on the dorsal surface of the spinal cord.

epidural

The _____ space is located between the vertebrae and the dural sheath around the spinal cord.

corticospinal

The _____ tract carries signals for precise, finely coordinated limb movements.

lumbosacral

The ______ enlargement is the area of spinal cord that gives rise to the nerves of the lower limbs and pelvis. sacral cervical thoracic lumbosacral

medullary cone

The ______ is the tapered end of the spinal cord. medullary cone cervical enlargement cauda equina meninges

medullary cone

The ______ is the tapered end of the spinal cord. meninges medullary cone cervical enlargement cauda equina

Somatic motor

The anterior horns of the spinal cord contain the somas of which neurons? Somatic sensory Somatic motor Visceral sensory Visceral motor

Subarachnoid

The cerebrospinal fluid circulates in the _____ space between the meninges.

arachnoid

The middle layer of the meninges is the ______ mater. pia arachnoid dura

gracile

The nerve fibers of the gracile fasciculus terminate at the _____ nucleus of the medulla oblongata.

reticular

The second-order neurons of the spinoreticular tract terminate in the _____ formation of the brainstem.

subarachnoid

The space between the arachnoid mater and pia mater is called the _____ space.

Conduction

The spinal cord contains ascending and descending nerve fibers that send information between the CNS and the periphery. This illustrates which function of the spinal cord? Neural integration Reflexes Locomotion Conduction

cervical

The superior most region of the spinal cord is the ______ region. thoracic cervical lumbar coccygeal

pons

The third-order neurons of the spinoreticular tract runs from the ______ to the thalamus. cerebrum pons thalamus cerebellum

Tract

What is a bundle of nerve fibers within the white matter of the spinal cord called? Commissure Column Horn Tract

A bundle of nerve roots occupying the vertebral canal from L2 to S5

What is the cauda equina? The tapered end of the spinal cord A bundle of nerve roots occupying the vertebral canal from L2 to S5 A fibrous strand formed of the pia mater distal to the end of the spinal cord

Dura mater, arachnoid mater, pia mater

What is the order of the meninges from superficial to deep? Arachnoid mater, pia mater, dura mater Dura mater, arachnoid mater, pia mater Pia mater, arachnoid mater, dura mater

Gray matter

What is the site of synaptic integration in the spinal cord? Dura mater Arachnoid mater Gray matter White matter

Gray matter

What is the site of synaptic integration in the spinal cord? White matter Gray matter Dura mater Arachnoid mater

Upper limbs and chest

What is the source of the sensory signals carried by the cuneate fasciculus? Head and neck Abdomen and lower limbs Upper limbs and chest

The space between the arachnoid mater and pia mater

What is the subarachnoid space? The space between the dura mater and arachnoid mater The space between the arachnoid mater and pia mater The space between the vertebral bones and the dural sheath

Cauda equina

What is the tail-like bundle of nerves indicated by the arrow labeled A in the figure called? Medullary cone Cauda equina Lumbar enlargement Terminal filum

Bundles of myelinated and unmyelinated axons found superficial to the gray matter

What is the white matter of the spinal cord? Collections of neuron cell bodies, dendrites, and synapses found superficial to the gray matter Bundles of myelinated and unmyelinated axons found superficial to the gray matter

Foramen magnum

What structure marks the superior end of the spinal cord? Medullary cone Cauda equina Foramen magnum

In the posterior horn at the point of entry

Where does the first-order neuron of the spinothalamic tracts end? In the posterior horn at the point of entry At the spinal nucleus of the thalamus In the brainstem nuclei

At the foramen magnum

Where does the spinal cord arise from the medulla oblongata? At the foramen magnum At the cervical enlargement At the medullary cone

Between the vertebral bones and the dural sheath

Where is the epidural space around the spinal cord? Between the dura mater and arachnoid mater Between the vertebral bones and the dural sheath Between the arachnoid mater and pia mater

From vertebra T6 and up

Where is the origin of sensory signals carried by the cuneate fasciculus? From vertebra T6 and up From below vertebra T6 and down

Superficial to the gray matter

Where is the white matter in the spinal cord? Distal to the gray matter Deep to the gray matter Inferior to the gray matter Superficial to the gray matter

Anterior

Which horns of the spinal cord contain the cell bodies of outgoing somatic motor neurons? Anterior Lateral Medial Posterior

Arachnoid mater

Which meninx consists of several layers of squamous epithelial cells with a mesh of fibers in the adjoining space? Arachnoid mater Pia mater Dura mater

Arachnoid mater

Which meninx consists of several layers of squamous epithelial cells with a mesh of fibers in the adjoining space? Pia mater Arachnoid mater Dura mater

Pia mater

Which meninx forms the terminal filum? Pia mater Arachnoid mater Dura mater

Pia mater

Which meninx is closely associated with the contours of the spinal cord? Dura mater Arachnoid mater Pia mater

Ipsilateral

Which nerve tracts do not decussate? Contralateral Ipsilateral

Ipsilateral

Which nerve tracts do not decussate? Ipsilateral Contralateral

Sensory

Which pathways are made up of three neurons? Sensory Motor

Medullary cone

Which structure is indicated by the arrow labeled A in the figure? Terminal filum Cauda equina Medullary cone Lumbar enlargement

Corticospinal

Which tract carries signals for precise, finely coordinated limb movements? Vestibulospinal Reticulospinal Tectospinal Corticospinal

Corticospinal

Which tract is also called a pyramidal tract? Vestibulospinal Reticulospinal Corticospinal Tectospinal

Contralateral

Which tract will have its origin and destination of opposite sides of the body? Contralateral Ipsilateral

Ascending

Within the spinal cord, which tracts carry information up to the brain? Ascending Descending Deep Superficial

Descending

Within the spinal cord, which tracts carry motor signals down from the brain? Ascending Descending Association Commissural

White

_____ matter is composed of myelinated and unmyelinated axons and is superficial to the gray matter of the spinal cord.