Chapter 13 part 1 Spinal Cord
gray
The ______ matter of the spinal cord contains the synapses and therefore is the site of synaptic integration.
anterior
The ______ median fissure is a longitudinal groove on the ventral surface of the spinal cord. anterior posterior
lower
The ______ motor neurons (which are the motor neurons connecting the brainstem and spinal cord to muscle fibers) of the descending pathway innervate skeletal muscle. upper lower sensory first-order
motor
The anterior horns of the spinal cord contain somas of somatic ______ neurons. motor sensory
upper
Consider the two motor neurons that form descending pathways. The neurons called the _____
Gray Matter
Where are the neuron cell bodies, dendrites, and synapses found in the CNS? White Matter Gray Matter
Muscles and tendons
Where do the first-order neurons of the spinocerebellar tract originate? The internal organs of the abdomen Muscles and tendons The skin of the upper limbs and chest
Gracile nucleus
Where do the nerve fibers of the gracile fasciculus terminate in the medulla oblongata? Cuneate nucleus Suprathalamic nucleus Gracile nucleus Suprachiasmatic nucleus
Reticular formation
Where do the second-order neurons of the spinoreticular tract terminate? Gracile nucleus Red nucleus Reticular formation
Thalamus
Where do the third-order neurons of the spinoreticular tract run from the pons to? Cerebral cortex Thalamus Cerebellum
decussation
Because the nerve tracts of the spinal cord undergo _____, the right side of the brain communicates with the left side of the body, and vice versa.
upper
Consider the two motor neurons that form descending pathways. The neurons called the _____ motor neurons have their somas in the cerebral cortex or brainstem.
Two
How many neurons are found in a descending tract? Three Four One Two
Thoracic Lumbar Cervical Sacral
Select all that apply Identify the regions of the spinal cord. Thoracic Lumbar Pelvic Cervical Sacral Coccygeal
Ventral funiculus Posterior funiculus Lateral funiculus
Select all that apply What are the three funiculi of white matter found in the spinal cord? Ventral funiculus Descending funiculus Commissure funiculus Ascending funiculus Posterior funiculus Lateral funiculus
contralateral
Since the corticospinal tracts decussate, innervation to the muscles will be across the body or _____.
anterior
The _____ horns of the spinal cord contain the cell bodies of outgoing somatic motor neurons.
Arachnoid
The _____ mater is just below (deep to) the dura mater.
dura
The dural sheath around the spinal cord is formed from the _____ mater.
cone
The end of the spinal cord indicated by the arrow labeled A in the figure is the medullary _____.
terminal
The fibrous strand-like structure indicated by the letter A in the figure is the _____ filum.
commissure
The left and right sides of the gray matter in the spinal cord are connected by the gray _____.
2
The number of neurons in a descending pathway is
That two points are on opposite sides of the body.
What does contralateral mean? That two points are on the same side of the body. That two points are on opposite sides of the body.
That two points are on the same side of the body
What does ipsilateral mean? That two points are on opposite sides of the body That two points are on the same side of the body
Cerebrospinal fluid
What does the central canal of the spinal cord contain? Cerebrospinal fluid Serous fluid Lymph Blood
Decussation
What factor accounts for the fact that the right side of the brain communicates with the left side of the body, and vice versa? Decussation Where it terminates Its length Its thickness
Decussation
What factor accounts for the fact that the right side of the brain communicates with the left side of the body, and vice versa? Where it terminates Decussation Its thickness Its length
The area of the spinal cord that gives rise to the nerves of the upper limbs
What is the cervical enlargement of the spinal cord? The area of the spinal cord where cerebrospinal fluid is produced The area of the spinal cord that gives rise to the nerves of the upper limbs The area of the spinal cord that gives rise to the nerves of the lower limbs and pelvis The area of the spinal cord where cerebrospinal fluid is drained
Dura mater
What is the dural sheath around the spinal cord made of? Arachnoid mater Denticulate ligaments Cerebrospinal fluid Dura mater
A band of gray matter connecting the gray matter of the left side with the gray matter of the right side
What is the gray commissure of the spinal cord? An area of gray matter connecting the anterior horn with the anterior rootlet leaving the spinal cord An area of gray matter connecting the posterior horn with the posterior rootlets entering the spinal cord A band of gray matter connecting the gray matter of the left side with the gray matter of the right side
First
Which order neuron of the spinothalamic tract ends in the posterior horn at the point of entry to the spinal cord? First Fourth Second Third
First
Which order neurons of the spinocerebellar tract originate at muscles and tendons? Second Third Fourth First
Sensory
Which pathways are made up of three neurons? Motor Sensory
Motor
Within the spinal cord, what type of information do the descending tracts carry? Afferent Association Sensory Motor
Three
How many neurons are typically found in an ascending pathway between the receptor and the brain? Four Three One Two
first
In a sensory pathway, the _____ order neuron detects the stimulus and transmits the signal to the spinal cord or brainstem.
Second-order
In a sensory pathway, which neurons run from the spinal cord or brainstem to the thalamus? Second-order Third-order First-order
Second-order
In a sensory pathway, which neurons run from the spinal cord or brainstem to the thalamus? Third-order Second-order First-order
Third-order
In a sensory pathway, which neurons run from the thalamus to the sensory cerebral cortex? Second-order Third-order First-order
L1
In an adult, the spinal cord ends at which vertebra? L5 Co1 S3 L1
lower
In descending pathways, the upper motor neurons synapse with ______ motor neurons in the brainstem or spinal cord. lower second-order first-order
Lower
In descending tracts, which motor neuron innervates the target organ? Intermediate Upper Lower
tracts
In the CNS, bundles of axons that make up white matter are called ______. horns nuclei ventricles tracts
central
In the spinal cord, the _____ canal is lined with ependymal cells and contains cerebrospinal fluid.
Superficial
In the spinal cord, where is the white matter in relation to the gray matter? Distal Deep Superficial Proximal
Contralateral anterolateral system
In the spinoreticular tract, the second order neurons decussate to where? Contralateral anterolateral system Ipsilateral anterolateral system
Contralateral anterolateral system
In the spinoreticular tract, the second order neurons decussate to where? Ipsilateral anterolateral system Contralateral anterolateral system
second
In the spinothalamic tract, the ______ -order neurons decussate from the posterior horn of the spinal cord. second first third
Subarachnoid space
In which does cerebrospinal fluid circulate? Epidural space Subpia space Subdural space Subarachnoid space
Dura mater Arachnoid mater Pia mater
Place the meninges in order from superficial to deep. Pia mater Arachnoid mater Dura mater
Conduction Locomotion Reflexes
Select all that apply Which are functions of the spinal cord? Transduction Conduction Cognition Locomotion Reflexes
Posterior horn Gray commissure Anterior horn
Select all that apply Which spinal cord areas are composed of gray matter? Posterior horn Gray commissure Anterior funiculus Lateral funiculus Anterior horn
Contralateral
Since the corticospinal tracts decussate, they will innervate which muscles? Ipsilateral Contralateral
pia
The _____ mater is the meningeal layer that is closely associated with the contours of the spinal cord.
posterior
The _____ median sulcus is a longitudinal groove on the dorsal surface of the spinal cord.
epidural
The _____ space is located between the vertebrae and the dural sheath around the spinal cord.
corticospinal
The _____ tract carries signals for precise, finely coordinated limb movements.
lumbosacral
The ______ enlargement is the area of spinal cord that gives rise to the nerves of the lower limbs and pelvis. sacral cervical thoracic lumbosacral
medullary cone
The ______ is the tapered end of the spinal cord. medullary cone cervical enlargement cauda equina meninges
medullary cone
The ______ is the tapered end of the spinal cord. meninges medullary cone cervical enlargement cauda equina
Somatic motor
The anterior horns of the spinal cord contain the somas of which neurons? Somatic sensory Somatic motor Visceral sensory Visceral motor
Subarachnoid
The cerebrospinal fluid circulates in the _____ space between the meninges.
arachnoid
The middle layer of the meninges is the ______ mater. pia arachnoid dura
gracile
The nerve fibers of the gracile fasciculus terminate at the _____ nucleus of the medulla oblongata.
reticular
The second-order neurons of the spinoreticular tract terminate in the _____ formation of the brainstem.
subarachnoid
The space between the arachnoid mater and pia mater is called the _____ space.
Conduction
The spinal cord contains ascending and descending nerve fibers that send information between the CNS and the periphery. This illustrates which function of the spinal cord? Neural integration Reflexes Locomotion Conduction
cervical
The superior most region of the spinal cord is the ______ region. thoracic cervical lumbar coccygeal
pons
The third-order neurons of the spinoreticular tract runs from the ______ to the thalamus. cerebrum pons thalamus cerebellum
Tract
What is a bundle of nerve fibers within the white matter of the spinal cord called? Commissure Column Horn Tract
A bundle of nerve roots occupying the vertebral canal from L2 to S5
What is the cauda equina? The tapered end of the spinal cord A bundle of nerve roots occupying the vertebral canal from L2 to S5 A fibrous strand formed of the pia mater distal to the end of the spinal cord
Dura mater, arachnoid mater, pia mater
What is the order of the meninges from superficial to deep? Arachnoid mater, pia mater, dura mater Dura mater, arachnoid mater, pia mater Pia mater, arachnoid mater, dura mater
Gray matter
What is the site of synaptic integration in the spinal cord? Dura mater Arachnoid mater Gray matter White matter
Gray matter
What is the site of synaptic integration in the spinal cord? White matter Gray matter Dura mater Arachnoid mater
Upper limbs and chest
What is the source of the sensory signals carried by the cuneate fasciculus? Head and neck Abdomen and lower limbs Upper limbs and chest
The space between the arachnoid mater and pia mater
What is the subarachnoid space? The space between the dura mater and arachnoid mater The space between the arachnoid mater and pia mater The space between the vertebral bones and the dural sheath
Cauda equina
What is the tail-like bundle of nerves indicated by the arrow labeled A in the figure called? Medullary cone Cauda equina Lumbar enlargement Terminal filum
Bundles of myelinated and unmyelinated axons found superficial to the gray matter
What is the white matter of the spinal cord? Collections of neuron cell bodies, dendrites, and synapses found superficial to the gray matter Bundles of myelinated and unmyelinated axons found superficial to the gray matter
Foramen magnum
What structure marks the superior end of the spinal cord? Medullary cone Cauda equina Foramen magnum
In the posterior horn at the point of entry
Where does the first-order neuron of the spinothalamic tracts end? In the posterior horn at the point of entry At the spinal nucleus of the thalamus In the brainstem nuclei
At the foramen magnum
Where does the spinal cord arise from the medulla oblongata? At the foramen magnum At the cervical enlargement At the medullary cone
Between the vertebral bones and the dural sheath
Where is the epidural space around the spinal cord? Between the dura mater and arachnoid mater Between the vertebral bones and the dural sheath Between the arachnoid mater and pia mater
From vertebra T6 and up
Where is the origin of sensory signals carried by the cuneate fasciculus? From vertebra T6 and up From below vertebra T6 and down
Superficial to the gray matter
Where is the white matter in the spinal cord? Distal to the gray matter Deep to the gray matter Inferior to the gray matter Superficial to the gray matter
Anterior
Which horns of the spinal cord contain the cell bodies of outgoing somatic motor neurons? Anterior Lateral Medial Posterior
Arachnoid mater
Which meninx consists of several layers of squamous epithelial cells with a mesh of fibers in the adjoining space? Arachnoid mater Pia mater Dura mater
Arachnoid mater
Which meninx consists of several layers of squamous epithelial cells with a mesh of fibers in the adjoining space? Pia mater Arachnoid mater Dura mater
Pia mater
Which meninx forms the terminal filum? Pia mater Arachnoid mater Dura mater
Pia mater
Which meninx is closely associated with the contours of the spinal cord? Dura mater Arachnoid mater Pia mater
Ipsilateral
Which nerve tracts do not decussate? Contralateral Ipsilateral
Ipsilateral
Which nerve tracts do not decussate? Ipsilateral Contralateral
Sensory
Which pathways are made up of three neurons? Sensory Motor
Medullary cone
Which structure is indicated by the arrow labeled A in the figure? Terminal filum Cauda equina Medullary cone Lumbar enlargement
Corticospinal
Which tract carries signals for precise, finely coordinated limb movements? Vestibulospinal Reticulospinal Tectospinal Corticospinal
Corticospinal
Which tract is also called a pyramidal tract? Vestibulospinal Reticulospinal Corticospinal Tectospinal
Contralateral
Which tract will have its origin and destination of opposite sides of the body? Contralateral Ipsilateral
Ascending
Within the spinal cord, which tracts carry information up to the brain? Ascending Descending Deep Superficial
Descending
Within the spinal cord, which tracts carry motor signals down from the brain? Ascending Descending Association Commissural
White
_____ matter is composed of myelinated and unmyelinated axons and is superficial to the gray matter of the spinal cord.