Chapter 13 : Reformation

How did the Calvinists understand the idea of work or labor?

Hard work, well done, was pleasing God, and all work with a religious aspect was dignified.

The dissolution of English monasteries resulted from what?

Henry VIII's desire to confiscate their land and to give land to please upper class.

How did Luther benefit from his appearance before the Holy Roman Emperor Charles V at the Diet of Worms?

Luther gained a larger audience for his reform ideas, and others began to challenge the church's teachings and practices.

What aided Martin Luther as his call for reform emerged?

Luther understood the power of the new printing press and authorized the publication of his works.

How did the closing of the monasteries and convents affect upper-class women?

Marriage became virtually the only option for upper-class women.

Why did Elizabeth I have her cousin and heir Mary, Queen of Scots, executed?

Mary became implicated in a plot to assassinate Elizabeth.

What best describes Martin Luther's doctrine of salvation?

Salvation came through faith alone as a free gift of God's grace.

In addition to reforming the church, what was the other goal of the Council of Trent?

Securing reconciliation with the Protestants.

The Reformation in England was primarily the result of

The dynastic and romantic concerns of Henry VIII.

In the early sixteenth century, anticlericalism focused primarily on what issue?

The immorality of priests who were drunkards and neglected the rule of celibacy.

How did the choice to embrace or reject the Reform movement occur in a territory or region in the Holy Roman Empire?

The political leader(s) of the territory or region determined whether to introduce reforms.

What was the fate of most people brought before the Inquisition and accused of witchcraft?

They were sent home with a warning and ordered to do penance: if a second offense arose they were questioned severely and possibly executed.

The overriding goal of the Catholic religious orders established in the sixteenth century was

To uplift the moral condition of both clergy and laity.

As a result of the Peace of Augsburg, the people of Germany did this :

became either Lutheran or catholic, depending on the preference of their prince.

How widespread was the influence of the Inquisition?

The Inquisition effectively destroyed heresy within the Papal States but had little influence elsewhere.

Why did Protestants allow the dissolution of marriages in divorce?

They viewed marriage as a contract for mutual support, and married partners who failed to provide support endangered their souls and the entire community.

What did the Saint Bartholomew's Day Massacre lead to? Against?

A lengthy civil war between Catholics and Protestants in France.

How did inquisitorial legal procedure differ from the accusatorial legal procedure?

A suspect would not be told the charges against him.