chapter 13 review questions

in the Seattle Longitudinal Study, which four intellectual abilities peaked among men & women in middle age?

- Verbal ability - Spatial orientation - Verbal memory - Inductive reasoning

which of the following describe the effects of aging on an individual's height?

- a decrease in height in middle adulthood is usually assoc. w/ bone loss - women can lose as much as 2in. in height during adulthood

which of the following accurately describe age-related physical changes?

- age-related muscle loss usually occurs at a rate of 1% to 2% per year after age 50 - joint performance generally peaks in one's 20s - bone loss usually accelerates w/ further aging

what describes vision changes in middle age?

- close objects become more difficult to see - retina becomes less sensitive to low-light situations

being overweight or obese in middle adulthood is associated w/ increased risk of ______.

- diabetes - high blood pressure

HRT, which was once routinely prescribed to treat some side effects of menopause, stands for ____, ____, ____.

- hormone - replacement - therapy

research has recently identified that testosterone replacement therapy (TRT) has been found to ______.

- improve bone health - improve muscle strength - reduce the risk of stroke - improve sexual functioning

what statements regarding health & disease in middle adulthood are TRUE?

- in middle adulthood, individuals are less susceptible to allergies than in childhood, adolescence, & early adulthood - frequency of accidents declines in middle adulthood compared to early adulthood & adolescence - in middle adulthood, individuals are less susceptible to colds than in childhood, adolescence, & early adulthood

what statements are TRUE regarding the mortality rates of people in middle adulthood? (

- in middle age, many deaths are caused by a single, readily identifiable condition - infectious disease was the main cause of death until the middle of the 20th century - chronic diseases are the main cause of death for individuals in middle adulthood

when is making meaning out of life particularly helpful?

- in times of stress - in times of loss

what has promoted the rectangularization of age distribution?

- increased longevity - low fertility rates - aging of the baby-boom cohort

what statements regarding hormone replacement therapy are true?

- it's most beneficial for women before the age of 60 - it's most favorable in reducing bone loss or fracture for women 60 years & younger - it's linked to an increased risk of Alzheimer disease in women above 60 years

what're the most common sexual problems cited by women in middle to late adulthood?

- lack of interest - insufficient lubrication

what statements about leisure are true?

- leisure helps middle--aged adults prepare psychologically for retirement - research on middle-aged men shows that annual vacations are correlated w/ fewer deaths - a lack of leisure time in middle adulthood is linked to cognitive impairment later on

which factors play a role in the rate of aging in middle age?

- lifestyle factors - genetic makeup

what statements regarding changes in midlife are TRUE?

- medical discoveries have helped reduce the aging process for middle-aged adults today - middle age is lasting longer than in years past - 50 yr olds are in better shape today than 40 yr olds a generation or two ago

starting in late middle age, due to changes in working memory, ______.

- more time is needed to learn new information - more time is needed to retrieve information

what side effects may be produced by menopause?

- nausea - fatigue - hot flashes

what statements about weight in midlife are TRUE?

- obesity in middle adulthood increases one's risk for hypertension - obesity increases from early to middle adulthood - nearly 40% of middle-aged adults were classified as obese in a recent study

which of the following are among the more visible & obvious signs of aging? (Select all that apply.)

- pigmentation in the skin producing age spots -skin beginning to wrinkle & sag - fingernails & toenails developing ridges & becoming thicker

due to concerns about the safety of HRT, which alternatives do many women seek?

- regular exercise - dietary supplements - nonsteroidal medications - relaxation therapy & acupuncture - herbal remedies

Viktor Frankl has identified which of the following as our most distinct human qualities?

- spirituality - freedom - responsibility

what does crystallized intelligence include?

- verbal skills - accumulated information

menopause TYPICALLY occurs between the ages of ______.

39 & 59

middle adulthood has been defined as the age period b/w the ______.

40s to mid 60s

late midlife is defined as the age period b/w______.

55 & 65 years

which stage of life is most associated with the death of a parent?

Middle adulthood

cardiovascular disease increases significantly from middle adulthood until late adulthood

TRUE

religious attendance & commitment have been positively associated w. health outcomes in middle adulthood.

TRUE

what causes hot flashes?

a decline in estrogen production

what description fits middle adulthood?

a time to balance work & relationships amidst physical & psychological changes associated w/ aging

the risk of cardiovascular disease increases when cholesterol ______.

accumulates on artery walls

a loss of strength in middle adulthood is most common in the ______.

back & legs

what's the leading causes of death in middle adulthood?

cancer & cardiovascular disease

the term ____ is used to describe the midlife transition in which fertility declines.

climacteric

many middle-aged adults experience decreases in the visual fields, creating a problem seeing objects that are ____.

close

based on data from the Seattle Longitudinal Study, Schaie found more declines using ____ assessments than in ____ assessments.

cross-sectional; longitudinal

one's accumulated information & verbal skills are components of ______ intelligence.

crystallized

John Horn argues that ________ intelligence continues to increase in middle adulthood, whereas ______ intelligence begins to decline in middle adulthood.

crystallized; fluid

it has been concluded that in general, there is a(n) ______ during middle adulthood.

decline in memory

in terms of gains (growth) and losses (declines), biological functioning typically ______ in middle adulthood.

decreases

speed of processing information ______ in middle adulthood.

decreases

the decline in memory in late middle age has been attributable to lack of ______.

effective memory strategies

midlife changes typically produce ______ opportunities for leisure.

expanded

cross-cultural studies on menopause indicate that Asian women report _____ hot flashes than women in Western societies.

fewer

whats NOT a reason why middle adulthood may allow more time for leisure?

fewer family demands

_____ intelligence involves one's ability to reason.

fluid

on average, middle-aged adults tend to ______.

gain weight

because of _____, the workforce today is sometimes outsourced to other countries w/ a significantly less expensive labor force.

globalization

in midlife, sensitivity to ______ pitches usually declines first.

high

what statement is FALSE regarding sleep changes in middle adulthood?

in middle adulthood, there is a reduction in the total number of hours slept as compared to early adulthood

during middle age, cardiovascular disease ______.

increases considerably

what statement regarding changes in middle-aged adults' memory is FALSE?

increases in memory are usually found in cross-sectional studies

according to Horn, crystallized intelligence ______ in middle adulthood & fluid intelligence _______.

increases; decreases

what statement is TRUE regarding hormone replacement therapy?

it can consist of various forms of estrogen, & usually a progestin

generally, what has been concluded about menopause?

it's not the negative experience for most women it was previously considered to be

today, middle age is starting ______ & lasting ______ for increasing numbers of individuals.

later; longer

____ refers to the pleasant times after daily work hours when individuals are free to pursue activities & interests of their own choosing.

leisure

one of the top six regrets among U.S. adults was not engaging in more ______.

leisure

sexual activity in middle adulthood usually occurs ______ in early adulthood.

less frequently than

the ability of men & women to function sexually shows ______ biological decline in middle adulthood.

little

which middle-aged woman is MOST likely to engage in sexual activity?

marianne, a married woman living w/ her partner

what statement regarding middle-aged men is TRUE?

men do not lose fertility in middle age

as people in ______ adulthood prepare for retirement, they may have to adjust their idealistic hopes to realistic possibilities to meet their goals.

middle

when's expertise more likely to occur?

middle adulthood

one study found that almost 1/2 of individs. 65 - 69 years of age considered themselves ______.

middle-aged

hot flashes during menopause are _______.

more common in some cultures than others

events such as the death of a parent, becoming a grandparent, & having one's last child leave the home are ______.

more likely to occur in late midlife than in earlier midlife

which of the following statements regarding changes in lung capacity in middle adulthood is FALSE?

most middle-aged adults experience a large change in lung capacity

what statement regarding work in midlife is FALSE?

most workers are starting to retire

companies' emphasis on profits has resulted in ______.

offers of early retirement to middle-aged adults

hormone replacement therapy (HRT) in women augments the declining levels of reproductive hormone production by the ____.

ovaries

what was Victor Frankl's view about people's search for meaning in life?

people find meaning, in part, by contemplating questions such as why we exist

what's NOT a finding of the Seattle Longitudinal Study?

perceptual speed increased in middle adulthood

the most visible signs of aging in middle adulthood involve ______.

physical changes

researchers are increasingly studying whether developing a sense of meaning in life is linked to _______ developmental outcomes.

positive

all of the following, EXCEPT _____, are used to treat erectile dysfunction.

prozac

the age distribution of the population in the past best resembled a ______ b/c the largest percentage of the population was made up of children.

pyramid

____-time tasks are one common way of assessing speed of information processing.

reaction

in order to solve problems in their domain, experts are more likely than novices to use strategies that include all of the following, EXCEPT ______.

relying exclusively on recent experiences

____ is the term given to describe age-related loss of muscle mass and strength.

sarcopenia

in general, there is little change w/ regard to lung capacity during middle adulthood, except for a decrease in lung capacity for people who ____.

smoke

how's fluid intelligence defined?

the ability to reason abstractly

what statement regarding menopause is FALSE?

the age of onset for menopause has decreased significantly in the 20th century

today, the age distribution of the population has created what is known as rectangularization b/c ______.

the percentages of people at different ages in the lifespan are more similar

which statement about the rate of physical changes in middle adulthood is NOT true?

the rate of physical changes is fairly similar for all adults

findings from the Seattle Longitudinal Study of cognitive abilities across the lifespan indicated that ______.

there were more peaks than declines in cognitive abilities in middle age

what statement is NOT a reason people in midlife typically become motivated to change jobs?

they face pressure from employers to stay on the job rather than retire

a consistent finding is that as adults become older their age identity, or self-perception of age, is ______ their chronological age.

younger than