Chapter 13 section 2, Africa

Music and Dance:

*In many societies, music, dance, central to many celebrations, rituals. *Carving, wearing of elaborate masks part of these rituals as well. *Early Africans excelled in sculpture,Bronze as well as terra cotta . *Traditional music performed with variety of wind, stringed instruments.

Animism;

*Many Africans also practiced forms of religion called animism=- beleif that bodies of water, animals, trees, other natural objects spirits. *Animism reflected Africans close ties to natural world.

Examples of beleifs:

*Many beleived that unseen spirtits of ancestors stayed near. *To honor spirits, families, marked certain places as sacred places, but specially carved statues there. *Families gathered to share news, food with ancestors, hoping spirits would protect them.

Griots

*Many early societies did not develop sytems of writing. *Maintained sense of identity, continunity through all traditions. *Included stories, songs, poems, proverbs. *Task of remembering, passing on entrusted to storytellers, griots.

Effects of Islam:

*Many people in the countryside still followed traditional African religious. *Islam was popular in the cities where rulers and traders accepted it by choice or because it helped them trade the Muslim Arabs. *Some Muslims complained that Sundiata Keita and Sunni Ali western Africas two great empires builders did not enough to win people over Islam.

European slave trade:begin

- Euro slave trade began in 1444 AD when a ship carrying 200 slaves went from Africa to Portugal

art:earliest form

- earliest form of art were rock paintings

European slave trade: 1st slaves

-1st slaves in Europe were in Portugal

African slavery: warriors raised

-Bantu warriors raised villages for captives

towns and cities:

-began as villages with protective walls -centers of government and trade -artisans- craft workers, metal working, and pottery making

what role did music play in the everyday lives of early African's?

-express religious feelings -spirituals- gospel songs

rural villages:

-most people lived in these -small homes: rounded homes of mud -most people were farmers

African slavery: included

-other enslaved Africans included enslaved Africans (who were enemies) that could be traded for goods

African Slavery:

-slavery has been in Africa since ancient time

what were two important purposes of African works of art?

1.) connect with gods, spirits, or ancestors 2.) teach about history

life expectancy for 19th cent. brazilian male slaves was

23 years

during the sugar boom from 1650-1800, ________ slaves were transported

7.5 million. see pg. 563

During the first 150 yrs after Euro discovery of the americas, how many africans were transported in the atlantic slave trade?

800,000. see page 563

On most islands, the percentage of slaves in the population was

90 Percent or more

How did having the central authority rest with a single person benefit the king, individuall and the kingdom?

Both rulers and people benefilled merchants received favors from the kings, and the kings received taxes fromt the merchants.

Compare and contrast the European mercantilist and capitalist systems.

Capitalism opened things up more. Things like expansion of credit and the development of large financial institutions allowed individuals to spread profits and risk. Mercantilism tried to enforce limits. specifically countries tried to enforce monopolies on trade that would benefit the country.

what are the names of two female african rulers?

Dahia al-Kahina Nzinga

The African state most dependent on the slave trade was

Dahomey

What role did family ties play in early Africa culture?

Families were the heart of village life. Each person was expected to be loyal to his extended family, and each member of a family had his or her own tasks.

Extended Family

Family group including several generations as well as other relatives.

chartered company

France and england gave groups of private investors monopolies over trade to their west indies colonies in exchange for the payment of annual fees.

Clan

Group of families related by blood or marrage.

What was the life of a slave like on a West Indian sugar plantation in the eighteenth century? include details form slave's work lives as well as from their family and social lives.

Had Sundays off, but then had to do their chores and take care of their own household things like their gardens. If rebellious, they would get iron muzzle, whipped, mutilated. deaths outnumbered births because carrying a child full term was difficult and keeping infant alive hard. life expectancy for males 23 years, females 25. Singing to keep them entertained and not focus on hard life, disease, dysentery, no recreation or relaxing. Great gang made of strongest slaves who did heavy work like breaking up soil, second gang made of elders and youth, and grass gang of children was responsible for weeding.

Hausa

Had trading cities in the central Sudan that attracted most of the caravans bringing textiles, hardware, and weapons- trading networks were similar to those coastal African traders commanded from the Atlantic trade, expect fot the absence of alcohol

How did Mansa Musa attempt to strengthen Islam in Mali?

He used the wealth tof Mali to build more mosques, or Muslim places of worshi; He also setup libraries at Timbektil, which collected books from all over the muslim world.

Which of the following does not describe the dutch west india company?

In contrast the Dutch West India company chartered by the Dutch government in 1621 to carry their conflict for Independence from Spain to Spain's overseas possession. Very successful (little bit navy, little bit trading company).

how did storytelling play a part in the education of African children?

Learned the history of their people and the skills needed as adults.

Sulton

Military and political leader with absolute authority over a Muslim country.

where did free blacks rank in the social hierarchy of Saint Domingue?

RIght below middle-class whites.

Matrilineal

Refers to a group that traces descent through mothers rather than fathers.

Swahili

Refers to the culture and language of east Africa.

seasoning

Slaves went through a period of adjustment to a new environment, resulted in death from disease.

what were the effects of the middle passage on both slave traders and slaves?

Slaves were compaced in boats so tightly, so disease was spread and took the lives of many. Some slaves developed psychological depression and refused to eat or willfully killed themselves. Mutinies were rarely successful. Smallpox and malaria were spread, although slaves were resistent to malaria and often crew members suffered as many deaths as slaves.

what did europeans have enslaved africans do?

Sold them to portugul

Griot

Storyteller

what were the pieces of the new atlantic economy? Explain how each piece was necessary for the economy's success

Sugar plantations, African slaves, and European capital. Sugar plantations brought in huge profits due to the growing popularity in Europe. African slaves provided the labor for the difficult process of cultivating sugar. European capital including chartered companies allowed private investors to distribute profit and risk and make the voyages necessary for transporting people and products possible.

How did african use dancing?

TO EXPRESS THEMSELVES

the clockwise network of trade in Atlantic was the

The Atlantic Circuit

How did the Saharans slave trade differ from the Atlantic slave trade?

The Saharan trade did not include alcohol because it was against Muslim religious practices. The caffeine-rich kola nut was popular though. The Hausa, a major trading center, exported cotton and leather. Most slaves were soldiers or servants and they were more loyal than natives. Majority of slave women were concubines, servants, or entertainers. Many children were traded as well.

Oral History

The stories passed down from generation to generation.

How did the kings of Ghana hold tightly to their power?

They insisted that local rulers send their sons to the royal court. they rode through countryside seeking reports of injustice or rebelllion. Most important, they controlled trade.

Describe the libes of free people in West Indian society in the eighteenth century.

Top of free society were the wealthy owners of large sugar plantations. Second came less well off europeans. Then came free blacks, even though as numerous and in similar occupations. Many of them also had slaves.

why do people all across Africa share some common ideas and customs?

Tue bun to migrations

Give a detailed description of the atlantic circuit

Was the trading system that was a clockwise network of sea routes. It began in Europe, ran south to Africa, west across the Atlantic to the Americas, and back to Europe. Mariners depended on the prevailing winds, and currents. 1st leg carried metal bars, hardware, guns, cotton textiles- trade for West African gold, ivory, timber. Slaves were purchased and taken to plantation colonies (Middle Passage) 3rd leg plantation goods from the colonies returned to Europe. Each leg carried goods from were they were abundent and cheap to where they were scarce and valubale.

songhai

West African Empire. Drew its wealth from the trans-Saharan trade and was ruled by an indigenous Muslim dynasty. Defeated by the Moroccans due to their firearms-

how has african history and culture remained alive today?

a few enslaved africans escaped and were able to record the stories.

byproducts of sugar manufacture were

a mollasses-like material that was made into rum.

plantocracy

a small number of very rich men who owned most of the slaves and most of the land.

How did the bantu migrations cause Africa to have many common beliefs and customs?

beginning about 300 BC. this bantu migrated from W Africa to the south and east. as they moved they took culture with them. this affected the rest of Africa as they take their customs and religions with them

Bornu

central Sudanese kingdom; sold many of the slaves it captured in war for firearms, yet retained many for themselves; the Bornu king Mai Ali is said to have made a pilgrimage to Mecca with an entourage of fifteen thousand slaves as a display of the kingdom's power

the english navigation acts in the 1660's were meant to

confined trade with its colonies to English Ships and cargoes See page 561

to reduce the risks of overseas trading, companies

depended on the new economic systems of chartered companies and the monopolies granted by mercantilism.

what was the principal cause of mortality aboard atlantic slave ships?

disease, see pg. 564

music: group of singers used

drums, flutes, and whittles

music: expression of

emotions and feelings

what kind of slavery did the quran not allow?

enslavement of muslims

Royal African Company

established its headquarters at Cape Coast Castle, just east of Elmina on the Gold Coast; created by royal charter in 1672; the charter placed all English trade with West Africa in the hands of the company

atlantic circuit

from Europe south to Africa, the west to the Americas, the back to Europe. Traded European products to Africa in exchange for slaves, then slaves for plantation goods, and then sold plantation goods in Europe; goal was to make a profit on each leg of the trip

Africans who provided slaves to Europeans most often preferred to receive in return

greatest demands were for textiles, hardware, and guns. cowrie shells also were important to them because it was their money.

European slave trade: spread to

islands in Atlantic of Portugal after arriving in the new world European relied on slave labor

Although tobacco was a New World plant long used by Amerindians,

it was finding a new market among seventeenth-century Europeans despite individuals like King James I of England that deemed it harmful. (pg 550)

storytelling: enslaved

kept stories moving through their culture

manumission

legal grant of freedom by an owner

In the 17th century Caribbean, indentured servants cost ____ as slaves

less then or 1 half of slaves

Chartered companies were

made to promote national claims without government expense by giving groups of private investors monopolies over trade to their west indies colonies in exchange for annual fees.

most slaves taken from africa were

male

art: made

masks, statues, clay and metal figures

atlantic system

moved goods and wealth, as well as peoples and cultures around the Atlantic; the slave trade and plantation slavery were crucial pieces of this

dance: expression

of life in the community

dance: rituals

part of rituals to celebrate different parts of life

mercantilism is

polices adopted by European states to promote their citizens overseas trade and accumulate capital in the form of precious metals, especially gold and silver. Also strongly discouraged citizens from trading with foreign merchants and used armed force when necessary to secure exclusive relations. (Chartered companies were one of the 1st examples of mercantilist companies

mercantilism

policies adopted by European states to promote their citizens' overseas trade and accumulate capital in the form of precious metals, especially gold and silver; strongly discouraged citizens from trading with foreign merchants and used armed force when necessary to secure exclusive relations

Dutch West India Company

private trading company, help fight for independence and carry conflict to Spain's oversea's possessions

driver

priveleged male slave whose job was to ensure the gang did it's work

"Drivers" were typically

privilaged male slaves

art: served as

religious and educational purposes

The expansion of sugar plantations in the west indies required

required a sharp increase in the volume of the slave trade from Africa.

Men outnumbered women on caribbean plantations because

slave ships brought twice as many males as females from Africa.

sugar plantations caused environmental demage through

soil exhaustion bc lack of crop rotation, deforestation, domesticated animals, new plants, people like Carib became almost extinct, overpopulation.

storytelling : popular

stories focused on hero's with important deeds

the cultivation and production of sugar can best be described as

straightforward. 14-18 months the cane was ready to be cut Roots made more shoots that could be harvested every 9 months.. It was a complex investment because it needed expensive crushing equipment. Factory/farm.

Sugar cane was first grown in the West Indies by Spanish colonists shortly after 1500, but after 1600

the West Indies received a renewed focus of colonization, this time by norther Europeans growing tobacco and other crops (pg 550) Also, by 1600 Brazil was the Atlantic world's greatest sugar producer. For note: it was in the late 1600's that sugar became the primary cash crop of the West Indies once again.

In the eighteenth century, West Indian plantations were controleld by a plantocracy,

the relatively few elite plantation owners from Europe.

what is the African dispora?

the spreading of african people and culture around the world.

What formed the basis of African society/

they lived in extended families

PLantation slaves were motivated to work hard

to evade punishment

Manumission permitted slaves to

to purchase their freedom

How did religion affect african art?

to show what they did

music: hope

to slaves; reminders of homeland

African slavery: human trade

trade of humans ⬆️ with Muslim contact ⬆️

how did increased contact with other parts of the world affect the slave trade in africa?

trade⬆️

dance: connect

way to connect with spirits

discuss the role played by African traders and political leaders in the Atlantic slave trade. What steps did Africans take to control the trade with Europeans and how successful were they? How did the slave trade differ across different regions of Africa?

African traders and leaders required the europeans to pay customs so they could keep their independence. They had laws that prevented the Europeans from conquering their land and states. African merchants were discriminating about what merchandise they received in return for slaves or goods accross the coast, some preferred bars of iron, certain textiles, or guns. The Africans increased their price of slaves as the demand increased. Some companies, to stay competitive had to include additional items like muskets and gunpowder, which added to African's military power. Sometimes they had to pay premium prices before getting the slaves. The Africans were successful in bargaining.

Phow

An Arab sailboat.

Plateau

Area of high flat land.