chapter 13 smartbook

What is a reflex? a. A series of nerve signals resulting in voluntary skeletal muscle contraction b. A sensation of pain or pressure c. A stereotyped, involuntary response to a stimulus

A stereotyped, involuntary response to a stimulus

The anterior rami of spinal nerves form which nerve plexuses? a. Cervical, lumbar, sacral b. Cervical, thoracic, lumbar c. Cervical, thoracic, sacral d. Thoracic, lumbar, sacral

Cervical, lumbar, sacral

The anterior rami of spinal nerves form which nerve plexuses? a. Cervical, thoracic, lumbar b. Cervical, lumbar, sacral c. Thoracic, lumbar, sacral d. Cervical, thoracic, sacral

Cervical, lumbar, sacral

Which type of neuron directly innervates a muscle? a. Lower motor neuron b. Upper motor neuron c. First-order neuron

Lower motor neuron

Which viral disease results in the destruction of motor neurons? a. Poliomyelitis b. Spina bifida

Poliomyelitis

Where is the gracile fasciculus located in the spinal cord? a. Anterior fasciculus b. Posterior fasciculus c. Lateral fasciculus

Posterior fasciculus

Where do the second-order neurons of the spinoreticular tract terminate? a. Reticular formation b. Gracile nucleus c. Red nucleus

Reticular formation

What does contralateral mean? a. That two points are on the same side of the body. b. That two points are on opposite sides of the body.

That two points are on opposite sides of the body.

The crossed ______ reflex is contralateral.

extensor

In a sensory pathway, the _______ order neuron detects the stimulus and transmits the signal to the spinal cord or brainstem.

first

Which nerve tracts do not decussate? a. Contralateral b. Ipsilateral

ipsilateral

In descending pathways, the upper motor neurons synapse with which motor neurons in the brainstem or spinal cord? a. First-order b. Second-order c. Lower

lower

The cuneate fasciculus is located in which fasciculus of the spinal cord? a. Lateral b. Posterior c. Anterior

posterior

In the spinothalamic tract, the which order neurons decussate from the posterior horn of the spinal cord? a. Second b. First c. Third

second

In a sensory pathway, which neurons run from the spinal cord or brainstem to the thalamus? a. Second-order b. Third-order c. First-order

second-order

Which pathways are made up of three neurons? a. Sensory b. Motor

sensory

The anterolateral system is formed from some smaller tracts and the ________tract.

spinothalamic

A reflex that occurs in response to excessive tension on a tendon is called a(n) _______ reflex.

tendon

Which reflex occurs in response to excessive tension on a tendon? a. Crossed extension b. Tendon c. Withdrawal d. Flexor

tendon

Which reflex occurs in response to excessive tension on a tendon? a. Flexor b. Withdrawal c. Crossed extension d. Tendon

tendon

In a monosynaptic synapse, how many synapses occur between the afferent and efferent neuron? a. 1 b. 2 c. 3 d. 4

1

Each spinal nerve arises from how many points of attachment to the spinal cord? a. 2 b. 3 c. 4 d. 5

2

The number of neurons in a descending pathway is _______.

2

Sensory tracts normally travel across ______ neurons from their origin in receptors to the brain. Use a number for your answer.

3

How many pairs of cervical spinal nerves are there? a. 5 b. 8 c. 7 d. 12

8

What is a muscle spindle? a. A receptor located in a tendon near its junction with a muscle b. A type of stretch receptor embedded in skeletal muscle c. A receptor in the dermis sensitive to deep pressure and vibration

A type of stretch receptor embedded in skeletal muscle

In which disease does sclerosis of the lateral spinal cord occur, with destruction of motor neurons? a. Poliomyelitis b. Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis c. Spina bifida

Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis

The spinothalamic tract is part of the which system in the anterior and lateral columns? a. Central system b. Posterolateral system c. Anterolateral system

Anterolateral system

Where does the spinal cord arise from the medulla oblongata? a. At the medullary cone b. At the cervical enlargement c. At the foramen magnum

At the foramen magnum

Where does spinal nerve C8 exit the spinal cord? a. Below vertebra T1 b. Below vertebra C7 c. Above vertebra C7

Below vertebra C7

What is the white matter of the spinal cord? a. Collections of neuron cell bodies, dendrites, and synapses found superficial to the gray matter b. Bundles of myelinated and unmyelinated axons found superficial to the gray matter

Bundles of myelinated and unmyelinated axons found superficial to the gray matter

Functions of the spinal cord include which of the following? a. Reflexes, conduction, cognition b. Conduction, locomotion, reflexes c. Locomotion, cognition, transduction

Conduction, locomotion, reflexes

Which tract will have its origin and destination of opposite sides of the body? a. Contralateral b. Ipsilateral

Contralateral

Which reflex is contralateral? a. Flexor reflex b. Corticospinal reflex c. Stretch reflex d. Crossed extension reflex

Crossed extension reflex

Which type of tract usually involves two neurons called upper and lower motor neurons? a. Ascending tracts b. Lateral tracts c. Descending tracts

Descending tracts

What is the order of the meninges from superficial to deep? a. Dura mater, arachnoid mater, pia mater b. Pia mater, arachnoid mater, dura mater c. Arachnoid mater, pia mater, dura mater

Dura mater, arachnoid mater, pia mater

Where are muscle spindles? a. In tendons and ligaments b. In epimysium c. Embedded in muscles

Embedded in muscles

Where is the origin of sensory signals carried by the cuneate fasciculus? a. From below vertebra T6 and down b. From vertebra T6 and up

From vertebra T6 and up

Nerve signals carried from the midthoracic and lower parts of the body are carried by which ascending tract? a. Cerebellospinal b. Cuneate fasciculus c. Spinothalamic tract d. Gracile fasciculus

Gracile fasciculus

Where does the first-order neuron of the spinothalamic tracts end? a. In the posterior horn at the point of entry b. In the brainstem nuclei c. At the spinal nucleus of the thalamus

In the posterior horn at the point of entry

What is the result of a tendon reflex response? a. Inhibition of the muscle b. Contraction of the muscle

Inhibition of the muscle

All spinal nerves except C1 pass through a(n)______ foramen to emerge from the vertebral column.

Intervertebral

Fibers from the cuneate fasciculus end on the which side of the medulla oblongata? a. Ipsilateral b. Contralateral

Ipsilateral

Which tract will have its origin and destination on the same side of the body? a. Ipsilateral b. Contralateral

Ipsilateral

Choose all that are nerve plexuses of the body. a. Lumbar b. Femoral c. Sacral d. Cervical e. Brachial f. Thoracic

Lumbar, Sacral, Cervical, Brachial

What effect does severing a sensory root that innervates a dermatome have? a. Some sensation may remain. b. All sensation from the dermatome will be lost.

Some sensation may remain.

Which describes decussation of spinal tracts? a. Spinal tracts cross from one side of the spinal cord to the other. b. Spinal tracts stay on the same side of the spinal cord. c. Spinal tracts leave the spinal cord and go to the brainstem.

Spinal tracts cross from one side of the spinal cord to the other.

Which occurs in a flexor reflex? a. Glandular secretion b. Withdrawal of a limb from a harmful stimulus c. Extension of a limb

Withdrawal of a limb from a harmful stimulus

The system that passes up the anterior and lateral funiculi of the spinal cord and is composed of the spinothalamic tract and some smaller tracts is the ________ system.

anterolateral

Within the spinal cord, which tracts carry information up to the brain? a. Deep b. Superficial c. Descending d. Ascending

ascending

A nerve fiber refers to which part of a neuron? a. Dendrite b. Axon c. Cell body

axon

The spinal cord contains ascending and descending nerve fibers that send information between the CNS and the periphery. This illustrates which function of the spinal cord? a. Neural integration b. Conduction c. Reflexes d. Locomotion

conduction

A tract that has its origin and destination on opposite sides of the spinal cord are called _____ tracts.

contralateral

Because the nerve tracts of the spinal cord undergo ________, the right side of the brain communicates with the left side of the body, and vice versa.

decussation

What is an area of skin innervated by a spinal nerve called? a. Myotome b. Nerve plexus c. Dermatome

dermatome

Within the spinal cord, which tracts carry motor signals down from the brain? a. Descending b. Association c. Commissural d. Ascending

descending

Which order neuron of the spinothalamic tract ends in the posterior horn at the point of entry to the spinal cord? a. Fourth b. First c. Second d. Third

first

What structure marks the superior end of the spinal cord? a. Cauda equina b. Medullary cone c. Foramen magnum

foramen magnum

The nerve fibers of the gracile fasciculus terminate at the _______ nucleus of the medulla oblongata.

gracile

Which motor neurons (which are the motor neurons connecting the brainstem and spinal cord to muscle fibers) of the descending pathway innervate skeletal muscle? a. Sensory b. Lower c. First-order d. Upper

lower

Which are a series of fibrous connective tissue membranes covering the central nervous system? a. Medullary cones b. Ventricles c. Meninges d. Cauda equina

meninges

A reflex arc that consists of only one synapse between two neurons is called a(n) ______ reflex arc.

monosynaptic

White matter has a pearly white appearance due to the presence of which of the following? a. Fibrous connective tissue b. Myelin c. Dendrites d. Glial cells

myelin

A ________ is a cordlike organ composed of numerous nerve fibers (fascicles) bound together by connective tissue.

nerve

What is a quick, involuntary, stereotyped response to a stimulus is called? a. Postsynaptic potential b. Reflex c. Action potential d. Threshold

reflex

The second-order neurons of the spinoreticular tract terminate in the ______ formation of the brainstem.

reticular

Moving peripherally from the spinal cord, which anterior and posterior structures form a spinal nerve? a. Columns b. Roots c. Horns

roots

Moving peripherally from the spinal cord, which anterior and posterior structures form a spinal nerve? a. Roots b. Columns c. Horns

roots

The flexor reflex uses an ipsilateral reflex arc. a. True b. False

true

How many neurons are found in a descending tract? a. Four b. Three c. One d. Two

two

In descending pathways, which motor neurons have their somas in the cerebral cortex or brainstem? a. Upper b. Lower c. Middle

upper

The matter that is composed of myelinated and unmyelinated axons and is superficial to the gray matter of the spinal cord is called ______ matter.

white