chapter 13 smartbook
What is a reflex? a. A series of nerve signals resulting in voluntary skeletal muscle contraction b. A sensation of pain or pressure c. A stereotyped, involuntary response to a stimulus
A stereotyped, involuntary response to a stimulus
The anterior rami of spinal nerves form which nerve plexuses? a. Cervical, lumbar, sacral b. Cervical, thoracic, lumbar c. Cervical, thoracic, sacral d. Thoracic, lumbar, sacral
Cervical, lumbar, sacral
The anterior rami of spinal nerves form which nerve plexuses? a. Cervical, thoracic, lumbar b. Cervical, lumbar, sacral c. Thoracic, lumbar, sacral d. Cervical, thoracic, sacral
Cervical, lumbar, sacral
Which type of neuron directly innervates a muscle? a. Lower motor neuron b. Upper motor neuron c. First-order neuron
Lower motor neuron
Which viral disease results in the destruction of motor neurons? a. Poliomyelitis b. Spina bifida
Poliomyelitis
Where is the gracile fasciculus located in the spinal cord? a. Anterior fasciculus b. Posterior fasciculus c. Lateral fasciculus
Posterior fasciculus
Where do the second-order neurons of the spinoreticular tract terminate? a. Reticular formation b. Gracile nucleus c. Red nucleus
Reticular formation
What does contralateral mean? a. That two points are on the same side of the body. b. That two points are on opposite sides of the body.
That two points are on opposite sides of the body.
The crossed ______ reflex is contralateral.
extensor
In a sensory pathway, the _______ order neuron detects the stimulus and transmits the signal to the spinal cord or brainstem.
first
Which nerve tracts do not decussate? a. Contralateral b. Ipsilateral
ipsilateral
In descending pathways, the upper motor neurons synapse with which motor neurons in the brainstem or spinal cord? a. First-order b. Second-order c. Lower
lower
The cuneate fasciculus is located in which fasciculus of the spinal cord? a. Lateral b. Posterior c. Anterior
posterior
In the spinothalamic tract, the which order neurons decussate from the posterior horn of the spinal cord? a. Second b. First c. Third
second
In a sensory pathway, which neurons run from the spinal cord or brainstem to the thalamus? a. Second-order b. Third-order c. First-order
second-order
Which pathways are made up of three neurons? a. Sensory b. Motor
sensory
The anterolateral system is formed from some smaller tracts and the ________tract.
spinothalamic
A reflex that occurs in response to excessive tension on a tendon is called a(n) _______ reflex.
tendon
Which reflex occurs in response to excessive tension on a tendon? a. Crossed extension b. Tendon c. Withdrawal d. Flexor
tendon
Which reflex occurs in response to excessive tension on a tendon? a. Flexor b. Withdrawal c. Crossed extension d. Tendon
tendon
In a monosynaptic synapse, how many synapses occur between the afferent and efferent neuron? a. 1 b. 2 c. 3 d. 4
1
Each spinal nerve arises from how many points of attachment to the spinal cord? a. 2 b. 3 c. 4 d. 5
2
The number of neurons in a descending pathway is _______.
2
Sensory tracts normally travel across ______ neurons from their origin in receptors to the brain. Use a number for your answer.
3
How many pairs of cervical spinal nerves are there? a. 5 b. 8 c. 7 d. 12
8
What is a muscle spindle? a. A receptor located in a tendon near its junction with a muscle b. A type of stretch receptor embedded in skeletal muscle c. A receptor in the dermis sensitive to deep pressure and vibration
A type of stretch receptor embedded in skeletal muscle
In which disease does sclerosis of the lateral spinal cord occur, with destruction of motor neurons? a. Poliomyelitis b. Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis c. Spina bifida
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis
The spinothalamic tract is part of the which system in the anterior and lateral columns? a. Central system b. Posterolateral system c. Anterolateral system
Anterolateral system
Where does the spinal cord arise from the medulla oblongata? a. At the medullary cone b. At the cervical enlargement c. At the foramen magnum
At the foramen magnum
Where does spinal nerve C8 exit the spinal cord? a. Below vertebra T1 b. Below vertebra C7 c. Above vertebra C7
Below vertebra C7
What is the white matter of the spinal cord? a. Collections of neuron cell bodies, dendrites, and synapses found superficial to the gray matter b. Bundles of myelinated and unmyelinated axons found superficial to the gray matter
Bundles of myelinated and unmyelinated axons found superficial to the gray matter
Functions of the spinal cord include which of the following? a. Reflexes, conduction, cognition b. Conduction, locomotion, reflexes c. Locomotion, cognition, transduction
Conduction, locomotion, reflexes
Which tract will have its origin and destination of opposite sides of the body? a. Contralateral b. Ipsilateral
Contralateral
Which reflex is contralateral? a. Flexor reflex b. Corticospinal reflex c. Stretch reflex d. Crossed extension reflex
Crossed extension reflex
Which type of tract usually involves two neurons called upper and lower motor neurons? a. Ascending tracts b. Lateral tracts c. Descending tracts
Descending tracts
What is the order of the meninges from superficial to deep? a. Dura mater, arachnoid mater, pia mater b. Pia mater, arachnoid mater, dura mater c. Arachnoid mater, pia mater, dura mater
Dura mater, arachnoid mater, pia mater
Where are muscle spindles? a. In tendons and ligaments b. In epimysium c. Embedded in muscles
Embedded in muscles
Where is the origin of sensory signals carried by the cuneate fasciculus? a. From below vertebra T6 and down b. From vertebra T6 and up
From vertebra T6 and up
Nerve signals carried from the midthoracic and lower parts of the body are carried by which ascending tract? a. Cerebellospinal b. Cuneate fasciculus c. Spinothalamic tract d. Gracile fasciculus
Gracile fasciculus
Where does the first-order neuron of the spinothalamic tracts end? a. In the posterior horn at the point of entry b. In the brainstem nuclei c. At the spinal nucleus of the thalamus
In the posterior horn at the point of entry
What is the result of a tendon reflex response? a. Inhibition of the muscle b. Contraction of the muscle
Inhibition of the muscle
All spinal nerves except C1 pass through a(n)______ foramen to emerge from the vertebral column.
Intervertebral
Fibers from the cuneate fasciculus end on the which side of the medulla oblongata? a. Ipsilateral b. Contralateral
Ipsilateral
Which tract will have its origin and destination on the same side of the body? a. Ipsilateral b. Contralateral
Ipsilateral
Choose all that are nerve plexuses of the body. a. Lumbar b. Femoral c. Sacral d. Cervical e. Brachial f. Thoracic
Lumbar, Sacral, Cervical, Brachial
What effect does severing a sensory root that innervates a dermatome have? a. Some sensation may remain. b. All sensation from the dermatome will be lost.
Some sensation may remain.
Which describes decussation of spinal tracts? a. Spinal tracts cross from one side of the spinal cord to the other. b. Spinal tracts stay on the same side of the spinal cord. c. Spinal tracts leave the spinal cord and go to the brainstem.
Spinal tracts cross from one side of the spinal cord to the other.
Which occurs in a flexor reflex? a. Glandular secretion b. Withdrawal of a limb from a harmful stimulus c. Extension of a limb
Withdrawal of a limb from a harmful stimulus
The system that passes up the anterior and lateral funiculi of the spinal cord and is composed of the spinothalamic tract and some smaller tracts is the ________ system.
anterolateral
Within the spinal cord, which tracts carry information up to the brain? a. Deep b. Superficial c. Descending d. Ascending
ascending
A nerve fiber refers to which part of a neuron? a. Dendrite b. Axon c. Cell body
axon
The spinal cord contains ascending and descending nerve fibers that send information between the CNS and the periphery. This illustrates which function of the spinal cord? a. Neural integration b. Conduction c. Reflexes d. Locomotion
conduction
A tract that has its origin and destination on opposite sides of the spinal cord are called _____ tracts.
contralateral
Because the nerve tracts of the spinal cord undergo ________, the right side of the brain communicates with the left side of the body, and vice versa.
decussation
What is an area of skin innervated by a spinal nerve called? a. Myotome b. Nerve plexus c. Dermatome
dermatome
Within the spinal cord, which tracts carry motor signals down from the brain? a. Descending b. Association c. Commissural d. Ascending
descending
Which order neuron of the spinothalamic tract ends in the posterior horn at the point of entry to the spinal cord? a. Fourth b. First c. Second d. Third
first
What structure marks the superior end of the spinal cord? a. Cauda equina b. Medullary cone c. Foramen magnum
foramen magnum
The nerve fibers of the gracile fasciculus terminate at the _______ nucleus of the medulla oblongata.
gracile
Which motor neurons (which are the motor neurons connecting the brainstem and spinal cord to muscle fibers) of the descending pathway innervate skeletal muscle? a. Sensory b. Lower c. First-order d. Upper
lower
Which are a series of fibrous connective tissue membranes covering the central nervous system? a. Medullary cones b. Ventricles c. Meninges d. Cauda equina
meninges
A reflex arc that consists of only one synapse between two neurons is called a(n) ______ reflex arc.
monosynaptic
White matter has a pearly white appearance due to the presence of which of the following? a. Fibrous connective tissue b. Myelin c. Dendrites d. Glial cells
myelin
A ________ is a cordlike organ composed of numerous nerve fibers (fascicles) bound together by connective tissue.
nerve
What is a quick, involuntary, stereotyped response to a stimulus is called? a. Postsynaptic potential b. Reflex c. Action potential d. Threshold
reflex
The second-order neurons of the spinoreticular tract terminate in the ______ formation of the brainstem.
reticular
Moving peripherally from the spinal cord, which anterior and posterior structures form a spinal nerve? a. Columns b. Roots c. Horns
roots
Moving peripherally from the spinal cord, which anterior and posterior structures form a spinal nerve? a. Roots b. Columns c. Horns
roots
The flexor reflex uses an ipsilateral reflex arc. a. True b. False
true
How many neurons are found in a descending tract? a. Four b. Three c. One d. Two
two
In descending pathways, which motor neurons have their somas in the cerebral cortex or brainstem? a. Upper b. Lower c. Middle
upper
The matter that is composed of myelinated and unmyelinated axons and is superficial to the gray matter of the spinal cord is called ______ matter.
white