chapter 14

What does it mean to say that intelligence tests are culturally biased?

They are biased in favor of those from middle and upper socioeconomic levels who are exposed to the kinds of language and typical experiences that the test evaluates.

The two MOST common treatments for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder have been:

behavioral and drug therapies.

The MOST common and successful treatments for encopresis are:

behavioral and medical treatments.

The child most likely to show the first symptom of autism spectrum disorder would be a:

boy under 3 years old.

Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder is MORE common in _____ than in _____.

boys; girls

A child has received the diagnosis of developmental coordination disorder. You would expect that he would have a problem:

buttoning his shirt and dressing in general.

Recent studies show that children with autism spectrum disorder are more likely than other children to have abnormalities in which section of the brain?

cerebellum

Around 80% of those who develop this disorder first displayed a pattern of oppositional defiant disorder.

conduct disorder

The LEAST likely contributor to the differences between African Americans and white Americans in receiving long-acting stimulant drug treatment for ADHD is:

differences in drug tolerance.

"Relational aggression" is a term used to describe a pattern of aggression MOST common among:

girls diagnosed with conduct disorder.

MOST children with intellectual disability live:

home

Mild intellectual disability is MOST common in which socioeconomic class?

lower

Biological factors are NOT the most important causes of which level of intellectual disability?

mild

If there were several Parents Anonymous groups in a city near you, you could be sure that in that city:

parents who were themselves child abusers were receiving help.

Individuals with autism spectrum disorder may react with tantrums if an object is moved to a different part of the room. This is known as:

perseveration of sameness.

For which anxiety disorder would you expect the childhood pattern to be MOST similar to the adult pattern?

phobias

This is a treatment approach that helps children express their conflicts and feelings indirectly by drawing, interacting with toys, and making up stories.

play therapy

Brenda does not get along well with Samantha. Brenda has started a rumor around school about Samantha and has told most of Samantha's friends that she has been talking about them, which is not true. Which pattern of aggression is Brenda exhibiting?

relational aggression

This pattern of aggression is found in those with conduct disorder in which the individual is socially isolated and primarily engages in social misdeeds such as slandering others, spreading rumors, and manipulating friendships.

relational aggression

MOST diagnosed cases of Down syndrome are of the:

trisomy 21 type

Surveys show that _____ is a common experience for close to half of all children in the United States.

worry

A child with autism spectrum disorder is laughing but sees another child crying. When asked what the other child is feeling, the child with autism is MOST likely to say:

"happiness," because of mind-blindness.

"What should I look for in an effective ADHD treatment program?" a friend asks. Your BEST answer is:

"Behavior therapy combined with Ritalin is ideal because a smaller dose of Ritalin can be used."

What would be the BEST answer to give to parents of a child recently diagnosed with ADHD in response to their questions about what caused it?

"Our best guess is that ADHD results from an interaction of biological and sociocultural factors."

"My ten-year-old needs to get help for conduct disorder. What do you recommend?" Which is your BEST answer?

"Parent management training should work best."

About what percentage of those diagnosed with intellectual disability fall into the category of mild intellectual disability?

80 to 85 percent

Elimination disorders are diagnosed when which criteria have been met?

A child has reached an age at which he or she is expected to control bodily functions.

Which parents would be LEAST likely to have children who receive effective treatment for ADHD?

African Americans who are Medicaid-insured

What do phenylketonuria (PKU) and Tay-Sachs disease have in common?

Both are caused by a double recessive gene.

An infant is diagnosed with a biological disorder. As she ages, her physical and mental conditions deteriorate steadily so that she loses vision and motor control, and, at the age of 3, she dies. Most likely, she was suffering from:

Tay-Sachs disease.

Which is NOT a criticism of the use of IQ test results to diagnose intellectual disability?

They are not valid predictors of school performance.

Results from TADS (Treatment for Adolescents with Depression Study) BEST support which conclusion?

Treatment that works for one category of people may not be effective for another category of people.

"Will that program really help? I keep hearing bad things about how kids act once they leave." Based on research, the person who said this would be accurate if she or he were expressing reservations about:

a juvenile training center.

A child displays normal behavior and intelligence, but she does not seem to be able to explain her actions and intentions as well as you would expect. If the deficit is severe enough, she might be diagnosed with:

a language disorder.

A woman is in a facility for those with intellectual disability. She has her own apartment, dresses herself, and goes to the dining room, where she orders breakfast off a menu. She then goes to work in a sheltered workshop. At the end of the day, she goes home to her apartment and gets ready for dinner. This arrangement is part of:

a normalization program.

A child has autism spectrum disorder and does not like much variation in her life. She puts her toys on a shelf in a particular order and throws a tantrum if her mother moves any of them. Any one of several trivial changes in her daily routine can set her off. This is an example of:

a perseveration of sameness.

A preadolescent child who has not received a clinical diagnosis participates in a program designed to stop the development of an antisocial pattern of behavior. MOST likely, that program is:

a prevention program such as Scared Straight.

According to one psychological view of autism, the awareness that other people base their behaviors on their own belief, and not on information they have no way of knowing, is not present in children with autism spectrum disorder. This ability is called:

a theory of mind.

Pat does not follow what the teacher is doing and has difficulty focusing on the task at hand. His behavior in class is disruptive because he cannot sit still, which leads to poor grades in school. These symptoms MOST likely indicate:

attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder.

"It is possible, even probable, that 'refrigerator parents'—cold, rejecting, rigid—caused this disorder." This is a statement about the cause of _____ that has been completely unsupported by research.

autism spectrum disorder

The mockingbird gets its name from the fact that it often imitates the call of other birds, without conveying any particular message. A child who imitates others' speech without any sign of understanding it MOST likely would be diagnosed with:

autism spectrum disorder.

If a pregnant woman wishes to avoid having a child with fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS), what should she do?

avoid drinking alcohol, since no safe level of drinking while pregnant has been established

A child awakens suddenly to the sound of a bell and heads for the bathroom. MOST likely the child is receiving:

behavioral therapy for enuresis.

When it comes to parents being concerned about their children's online experience, which of the following is NOT one of their major concerns?

being exposed to online profanity

The MOST recent research has provided evidence that the primary causes of autism spectrum disorder include:

brain abnormalities.

A particular concern among children and adolescents would be:

bullying.

Childhood patterns of behavior that are diagnosed as bipolar disorder differ from adult patterns in that:

children display rage and aggression rather than mania.

One useful approach to treating enuresis employs:

classical conditioning

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of school antibullying programs?

classroom specific antibullying policies

A child has repeatedly engaged in shoplifting and in hitting neighborhood pets with rocks. The child frequently is aggressive and has engaged in an increasing number of fights. The MOST appropriate diagnosis for this child is:

conduct disorder.

A child is extremely aggressive. She is always fighting with her peers and is frequently very cruel to them. She never tells the truth. Her MOST likely diagnosis is:

conduct disorder.

At a parent-teacher conference, a child's parents are astounded to learn that their son has been showing up late for school, despite leaving home with more than enough time to get to school. This behavior MOST closely fits which pattern of conduct disorder?

covert-nondestructive

A child is awakened during the night, uses the toilet, and receives a sticker and praise from a parent. Later in the week, accumulated stickers may be turned in for a highly desired toy. This child is undergoing:

dry-bed training for enuresis.

A child does well in some school subjects. However, the only way that he can read is slowly, one word at a time. He must direct his gaze with his index finger. Even with great effort, he makes many errors and has poor comprehension. This is a description of:

dyslexia.

A reading proficiency level that is much lower than would be expected based on the measure of general intelligence is called:

dyslexia.

One speech problem displayed by many children with autism spectrum disorder is that they repeat everything said to them. This is called:

echolalia.

Examples of childhood disorders for which there are no similar adult disorders are:

elimination disorders.

Joey has been wetting his bed since he was a baby. He is 10 years old now. As a result, he will not stay over at his friend's house or go to camp. His condition is called:

enuresis.

Shy and anxious children who have mild to moderate degrees of intellectual dysfunction, language impairments, and behavioral problems are MOST likely to be diagnosed with:

fragile X syndrome.

The LEAST effective way to deal with conduct disorder is:

having children live in juvenile training centers.

Which is NOT a goal of parent-child interaction therapy?

improving the child's academic success

Most colleges and universities now require students to have a meningitis vaccination before enrolling. Untreated meningitis can lead to:

intellectual disability.

A 16-year-old teenager has just been arrested for the third time for shoplifting. She will MOST likely be labeled by society with:

juvenile delinquency.

Carl is a terrible bully. He is very aggressive and repeatedly takes advantage of others. He will say anything to get his way or to try to stay out of trouble. Recently he was arrested for vandalism and ended up getting probation. He will MOST likely be labeled by society as displaying:

juvenile delinquency.

Which is NOT an effective treatment for conduct disorder?

juvenile training centers

Compared to white American children, African American and Hispanic American children with similar levels of activity and attention problems are:

less likely to be assessed for ADHD, and less likely to be diagnosed with ADHD.

Studies of the use of cognitive-behavioral techniques in the treatment of autism spectrum disorder have shown that cognitive-behavioral techniques can produce:

long-term gains in school achievement and intelligence test performance.

Isabelle was born into a very poor family. Both parents have below-average IQs and are barely able to support and provide for themselves. Isabelle's nutrition and health care have never been very good. She is at risk for:

mild intellectual disability.

A child will not obey her mother. When threatened with punishment, she swears, throws things, and threatens to break everything in the house. Her outbreaks seem to be restricted to her parents, but she is almost completely unmanageable. This is an example of:

oppositional defiant disorder.

A child has been suspended from school several times for picking fights with other students; one time he even struck a teacher. These behaviors MOST closely fit which pattern of conduct disorder?

overt-destructive

"That kid is pleasant enough, but will lie about practically anything, even things that don't seem to matter much." This behavior MOST closely fits which pattern of conduct disorder?

overt-nondestructive

An intervention in which parents and their children who have been diagnosed with conduct disorder do behavior therapy targeting and rewarding desired behavior is called:

parent management training.

This form of therapy has the therapists teach parents to work with their child positively, to set appropriate limits, to act consistently, to be fair in their discipline decisions, and to establish more appropriate expectations regarding the child. It is also commonly used among preschoolers.

parent-child interaction therapy

Hormonal changes, life demands, and body dissatisfaction are all reasons to explain why:

postpubertal girls have higher rates of depression than postpubertal boys.

When a child with autism spectrum disorder says, "You want a drink," when he really means that he wants a drink, he is displaying:

pronominal reversal.

A teenager's parents are down on her all the time. When they are not criticizing her, they ignore her. This is an example of:

psychological abuse.

If one knew nothing more than that a person with intellectual disability also had extensive and severe neurological dysfunction and physical handicaps, the MOST likely estimate of that person's level of intellectual disability would be:

severe or profound.

The BEST way to characterize children diagnosed with autism spectrum disorder is that they:

show disturbed and contradictory patterns of reactions to stimuli.

A person who has difficulty with interpersonal interactions but is otherwise high functioning and would have been diagnosed with Asperger's disorder in the past will now, using DSM-5, be diagnosed with:

social communications disorder.

A child is in public school, but she is grouped with other low-IQ children like her. She and her classmates have a specially designed program that is different from that of the other children in the school. This is MOST likely an example of:

special education.

Perhaps the biggest problem facing school administrators who try to deal with bullying is that:

technology has broadened the ways in which bullying can occur.

Which is MOST likely to be successful as part of a treatment foster care program?

training and treatment that involves the child, the foster parents, and the biological parents

In this approach, delinquent boys and girls with conduct disorder are assigned to a foster home in the community by the juvenile justice system.

treatment foster care

The most common of the identified chromosomal causes of Down syndrome is:

trisomy 21.

Conduct disorder has MOST often been associated with:

troubled parent-child relationships.

A female child is diagnosed with autism spectrum disorder. Later, as an adult, she is unable to hold a job and has very limited communication skills. Her case is:

uncommon; most people diagnosed with autism spectrum disorder are males, and their symptoms usually remain severe into adulthood.

Assume that you are alone in a room with a child suffering from a disorder of childhood. If you didn't know the child's diagnosis, what behavior of the child's might start to convince you that the disorder is autism spectrum disorder?

The child is not responsive to other people.

The National Institute of Mental Health study known as TADS (Treatment for Adolescents with Depression Study) produced three major surprises. Which is NOT true about the study's findings?

The danger to adolescents from antidepressants has been overemphasized and is not that significant.

Intelligence test results should not be the only things used to determine intellectual disability, because intelligence test scores:

don't indicate level of adaptive behavior.

The bell-and-battery technique is used to treat this disorder.

enuresis

A 7-year-old child is wetting the bed at night. The bed-wetting apparently is beyond the child's control. The BEST diagnosis is:

enuresis.

You read a case study about a 10-year-old girl from a poor background who was sexually abused. This case is:

fairly common; girls, regardless of their socioeconomic group, are the most common victims of sexual abuse.

Individuals with Down syndrome:

have the same range of personality characteristics as do those in the general population without Down syndrome.

Cheri is 25, has an IQ of 60, and never did well at schoolwork. However, she now lives on her own, has a job, and is able to perform the routine chores of life. She would not be considered to have intellectual disability because:

her daily functioning is adequate.

Behavioral and somatic symptoms, such as clinginess, sleep difficulties, and stomach pain, rather than cognitive symptoms are MORE characteristic of anxiety disorders:

in children rather than in adults.

In poor inner-city neighborhoods, children sometimes eat paint that is flaking off walls. This can sometimes lead to intellectual disability due to:

lead poisoning.

Which person would be diagnosed correctly with intellectual disability?

one with an IQ of 69 having problems coping with life

A child whose therapist asks him to draw pictures about his life and then introduces games and stories to help the child work through his conflicts and change his emotions and behavior is MOST likely receiving:

play therapy.

Disruptive mood dysregulation disorder describes children with patterns of severe _____.

rage

The latest research on the use of Ritalin to treat ADHD suggests that:

research on its effectiveness and safety has been done almost exclusively on white American children.

Brandon is being bullied at school. What is he most likely to experience?

ridiculed or called names

A person diagnosed with autism spectrum disorder listens to a piano piece at a concert. Later at home, the person plays the piano piece without the music and without making a mistake. This behavior is best described as a:

savant skill.

When a child with autism spectrum disorder jumps, flaps his arms, twists his hands and fingers, and makes unusual faces, the child is engaging in:

self-stimulatory behavior.

A child does almost everything with her mother and seems extremely anxious at school, getting frequent stomachaches and wanting to go home. If the child has an anxiety disorder, it is MOST likely:

separation anxiety disorder.

Your daughter is more likely than your son to be diagnosed with:

separation anxiety.

Children with multiple physical and neurological problems that seriously limit their functioning are MOST likely to be diagnosed with which level of intellectual disability?

severe or profound

MOST cases of mild intellectual disability seem to be related to:

sociocultural and psychological factors.

The drug Ritalin is classified as a(n):

stimulant

A child with an anxiety disorder would be MOST likely to report which symptom?

stomach pains

Around _____ of all children and teens have been bullied at least one time online.

40%

Presently, 1 per _____ children will be diagnosed with autism.

68

_____ of adolescents incarcerated annually in the United States have a mental health problem.

75%

Based on the MOST current research, we can conclude that:

MMR vaccinations are not related to the development of autism spectrum disorder.

A child's distracting behaviors occur only in a school setting and include failure to follow instructions and finish work, answering questions before they have been completed, and a lot of seat squirming and fidgeting. Could ADHD be a diagnosis of this child?

No, the child's symptoms occur in only one setting.

A large survey of parents and their children shows that parents:

generally underestimate how worried their children are.

Fred has an IQ of 65 and cannot do schoolwork. He lives on the streets by begging, is usually dirty, and is always hungry. He would MOST likely be diagnosed with:

intellectual disability.

Anoxia, one possible source of intellectual disability, involves brain damage resulting from:

lack of oxygen during or after delivery.

If you were trying to learn a new language and you could understand it better than you could speak it, you would be showing symptoms MOST like:

language disorder.

A child with autism spectrum disorder points to a picture of a fork on a board rather than saying, "I want food." This child is using:

an augmentative communication system.

The specific symptoms associated with dyslexia include:

an impairment of the ability to recognize words and to comprehend what is being read.

Twenty-five percent of children with this disorder do not graduate from high school.

attention-deficit/hyperactive disorder

What is the BEST educational treatment for a child with a serious level of dysfunction on the autism spectrum?

being sent to a special school that combines treatment and education

Imagine that I just stubbed my toe and cried "Ouch." A child with autism spectrum disorder, when asked if I was hurt, said, "No," because she wasn't hurt. This inability to take the perspective of another is referred to as:

mind-blindness.

Recent work has revealed that the MOST effective treatment for autism spectrum disorder has been the use of:

cognitive-behavioral therapy.

A child sneaks out of the home every now and then and goes through the neighborhood breaking lawn decorations and scratching car paint. These behaviors MOST closely fit which pattern of conduct disorder?

covert-destructive

Critics believe that bipolar disorder has become a catch-all diagnosis for children who display uncontrolled rage. DSM-5 addressed this concern by:

creating a new disorder called disruptive mood dysregulation disorder.

An iodine deficiency in the diet of a pregnant woman may lead to a condition in which the baby has a dwarflike appearance and a defective thyroid gland. This disorder is called:

cretinism.

From which pair of disorders is a child MOST likely to recover by adulthood?

enuresis and encopresis

Nations that pioneered "normalization" in the treatment of intellectual disability include:

Denmark and Sweden.

Paula has moderate intellectual disability, a small head and flat face, as well as a protruding tongue. Her condition is MOST likely:

Down syndrome.

This pattern of aggression is found more commonly among girls than boys.

relational aggression

A similarity among children with separation anxiety and those with school refusal is that they both fear going to school and often stay home. The difference in the symptoms of these diagnoses is that:

school refusal often involves fear of others at school, academic fears, and fears of objects at school.

_____ of teens arrested for violent crimes is female.

1/3

Around _____ of children qualify for a diagnosis of conduct disorder.

10%

Around _____ teens are incarcerated each year in the United States.

110,000

In 1985, 1 per _____ children were diagnosed with autism.

2,000

Which parent is LEAST likely to be concerned about their child's safety when they go online?

Jennifer, a white American mother

Which statement reflects current research about the biological causes of autism spectrum disorder?

There are probably multiple biological causes.

Which is NOT a likely cause of ADHD?

abnormal serotonin activity and parietal damage

More than 90% of children with _____ underachieve in school.

attention-deficit/hyperactive disorder

The percentage of individuals at the four levels of intellectual disability from mild to profound:

decreases steadily as the intelligence level decreases.

During the 1960s and 1970s, the criteria for remaining in state schools changed, and many individuals with intellectual disability were released into the community. This is an example of:

deinstitutionalization

Boys and girls have about the same percentage chance of being diagnosed with:

oppositional defiant disorder if they are postpubertal.

A child is openly hostile toward his parents. He argues with them constantly and will not do anything they say. They cannot control him. The diagnosis he is MOST likely to receive is:

oppositional defiant disorder.

Which has mild intellectual disability NOT been linked to?

parental divorce

A child is receiving problem-solving skills training as a treatment for conduct disorder. You can be reasonably sure that:

the interventions used are cognitive-behavioral.

The main concern over the rise in diagnosis of bipolar disorder in children and, in particular, the treatment of bipolar disorder in children is:

the use of adult medications.