Chapter 14- Integration of Nervous System Functions

Brain waves associated with information processing or problem solving are ____ waves.

beta

When the CNS responds to tissue damage by decreasing the pain threshold and increasing its sensitivity to pain, this is called

central sensitization

A nurse is caring for a patient who exhibits the following symptoms: (1) inability to maintain balance while walking (2) normal intelligence (3) can initiate voluntary movements although they are somewhat uncoordinated. (4) decreased tone in the skeletal muscles The patient is probably suffering from a condition that affected the

cerebellum

Procedural memory is stored primarily in the

cerebellum and premotor area of cerebral cortex.

Changes in the blood concentration of glucose, oxygen and hydrogen are detected by

chemoreceptors

Mechanoreceptors respond to

compression of receptors

The primary motor area

contains a larger area for control of the hand and fingers than for control of the arm and elbow.

Upper motor neurons

control skeletal muscles

A primary function of the cerebellum is to

coordinate movement

Which of the following is a descending pathway in the spinal cord?

corticospinal tract

In working memory,

current information is lost when new information is presented.

. Which of these activities is associated with the left cerebral hemisphere in most people?

mathematics and speech

Label area "C" on the cerebral cortex.

motor speech area (broca area)

Specialized muscle fibers associated with detection of muscle length are

muscle spindles

The size of various regions of the primary somatic sensory cortex is proportional to the _______ sensory receptors in that area of the body.

number of

Select the structure considered a primary receptor.

pacinian corpuscle

Which of the following is a visceral sensation?

pain

Which of these activities is associated with the right cerebral hemisphere in most people?

painting a watercolor landscape

The primary somatic sensory cortex is located in the

parietal lobe

A patient has suffered a cerebral hemorrhage that has damaged the primary motor area of his right cerebral cortex. As a result the

patient cannot voluntarily move his left arm or leg.

A state of conscious awareness of stimuli received by sensory receptors is called

perception

Amputees frequently perceive pain in the amputated structure. This type of pain is called

phantom pain

Rapidly adapting proprioceptors that provide information on the location of a moving hand are known as

phasic receptors

Vision is dependent upon

photoreceptors

If a person decided to jump over a chair, which of the following areas organizes the motor functions needed to carry out this action.

premotor area

If you decide to "snap your fingers," the first neurons to be stimulated are the

premotor neurons

Which of these combinations of general senses depends on mechanoreceptors?

pressure and proprioception

Which of the cortical areas listed below is most likely to be stimulated first when repeating a word you just heard spoken?

primary auditory cortex

Label area "A" on the cerebral cortex.

primary motor cortex

Receptors that in general produce an action potential in response to a receptor potential are

primary receptors

Label area "B" on the cerebral cortex.

primary somatic sensory cortex

The conscious perception of cutaneous sensations occurs in the cerebral cortex, but these sensations are perceived as if they were on the surface of the body. This is called

projection

The perception of position and movement of body parts is

proprioception

The ability to localize the position of body parts is called

proprioception.

All of the following nerve endings are found in the skin EXCEPT

proprioceptors

The right cerebral hemisphere

receives sensory input from the left side of the body.

As the nervous system ages

reflexes become slower

Merkel disks

responds to light touch and superficial pressure

free nerve endings

responds to painful stimuli and temperature

Which of the following is an example of procedural or implicit memory?

riding a bicycle

Which of the following pairs is mismatched? A. corticospinal tract - movements, especially the hands B. corticobulbar tract - movements in the head and face C. rubrospinal tract - two-point discrimination D. vestibulospinal tract - maintains upright posture E. reticulospinal - posture adjustments and walking

rubrospinal tract - two-point discrimination

Receptors that in general do not produce an action potential, but can release neurotransmitters in response to a receptor potential are

secondary receptors

Label area "D" on the cerebral cortex.

sensory speech area (wernicke area)

Which of the following is NOT a function of the cerebellum? A. learning to play the harp. B. keeping time with music C. sleep-wake cycle D. coordination of skeletal muscles

sleep-wake cycle

A major source of sensory input into the limbic system is the sense of

smell

If you feel someone touch you on the shoulder, the person has stimulated a(n) ____ sense.

somatic

When people smoke cigarettes, they damage some of their taste buds. Which type of sense has been damaged by the smoking?

special

In an ascending pathway, axons of the secondary neuron travel from the

spinal cord through the brainstem to the thalamus.

The fasciculus gracilis and fasciculus cuneatus would help us

tell if an object is rough or smooth

Free nerve endings respond to

temperature change and pain

The auditory cortex is located in the

temporal

The primary somatic sensory or general sensory area is located in

the postcentral gyrus

Impulses that initiate motivation and forethought originate in

the prefrontal area

Superficial pain is highly localized, but visceral pain is diffuse because

the viscera has fewer mechanoreceptors which give location information.

In short-term memory,

there is increased synaptic activity by long-term potentiation.

Slowly adapting proprioceptors that would let you know the position of your thumb without looking at it are known as

tonic receptors

Which of the following is a somatic sense?

touch

The ability to detect simultaneous stimulation at two points on the skin is called two-point discrimination.

true

The simplest and most common type of sensory nerve endings are free nerve endings.

true

Wernicke area is necessary for

understanding and formulating coherent speech

. Two tracts found within the extrapyramidal system are the

vestibulospinal and rubrospinal

The pain a person experiences with acute appendicitis results from stimulating nerve endings called

visceroreceptors

Label area "E" on the cerebral cortex.

visual cortex

Lesions of the limbic system might result in

voracious appetite

The extrapyramidal system

maintains control of unconscious movements.

Which of the following functions is most likely to be performed by the visual association area?

"recognizes" the face of a close friend

Indicate the order of each of the following in a descending pathway. (1) cerebral cortex (2) pyramids (3) cerebral peduncles (4) internal capsule

(1),(4),(3),(2)

. Which of the following result when the spinal cord is hemitransected (cut) on the left side?(1) loss of pain and thermal sensations below the injury on the left side(2) loss of pain and thermal sensations below the injury on the right side(3) loss of fine touch and pressure sensations below the injury on the left side(4) loss of fine touch and pressure sensations below the injury on right side(5) loss of fine motor control on the right side below the injury(6) loss of fine motor control on the left side below the injury

(2),(3),(6)

Various areas of the cortex form functional pathways to conduct action potentials necessary to perform specific functions. Arrange the areas below in proper sequence to accomplish reading a poem aloud. (1) visual association area (2) premotor area (3) Broca area (4) primary motor area (5) Wernicke area (6) visual cortex

(6),(1),(5),(3),(2),(4)

When a person is exposed to temperature extremes, why is it difficult to distinguish hot from cold objects?

At extremes, pain receptors are stimulated by both very hot and very cold objects.

Which of the following would you observe in a patient with a tumor of the cerebellum?

Balance impairment

Which of the following is mismatched? A. spinotectal tract - visual reflexes B. fasciculus cuneatus - vibration from upper body half C. spinoreticular tract - light touch D. spinocerebellar tract - proprioception E. spinocerebellar tract - comparator function

C. spinoreticular tract - light touch

Which of the following pairs is mismatched? A. left cerebral hemisphere - analytical hemisphere B. left cerebral hemisphere - speech area for most of the population C. right cerebral hemisphere - recognition of faces D. left cerebral hemisphere - spatial perception E. left cerebral hemisphere - mathematical hemisphere

D. left cerebral hemisphere - spatial perception

Which of the following statements concerning the descending pathways of the spinal cord is true?

Descending pathways consist of upper and lower motor neurons.

Damage to the cerebellum is likely to cause A. decreased muscle tone. B. balance impairment. C. the tendency to overshoot when reaching for an object. D. an intention tremor. E. All of the choices are correct.

E. All of these are correct

The brainstem A. includes nuclei of cranial nerves II - XII. B. contains centers for several vital reflexes like heart rate and blood pressure. C. contains the reticular formation. D. contains nuclei for vomiting and sneezing reflexes. E. All of these choices are correct.

E. all of these are correct

Which of the following pairs is mismatched? A. visceroreceptors - associated with organs B. adaptation - decreased sensitivity to continued stimulus C. projection - sensation is perceived at the site of the stimulus D. proprioceptors - information about body position E. cutaneous receptors - associated with the viscera

E. cutaneous receptors - associated with the viscera

All aspects of a memory are stored together in the brain.

False

Receptors responsible for the control of muscle contractions are

Golgi tendon organs

The _________ _________ are distributed throughout the dermal papillae and are involved in _____________ ___________ touch.

Meissner corpuscles; two-point discrimination

Which of the following is mismatched? A. Merkel disks - light touch B. Pacinian corpuscles - vibration C. Meissner corpuscles - two-point discrimination D. Ruffini end organs - temperature E. hair follicle receptors - slight bending of the hair

Ruffini end organs - temperature

The conscious awareness of stimuli received by sensory receptors is called perception.

True

Long-term memory may involve

a change in the shape of the neuron's cytoskeleton.

A series of neurons involved in long-term retention of a thought is called

a memory engram

Lesion of the basal nuclei could cause

a slight shaking of the hands or head.

Decreased sensitivity to a continued stimulus is called

adaption

The type of brain waves observed in an individual who is awake but in a quiet resting state with eyes closed are _____ waves.

alpha

A person suffering a stroke in the right parietal lobe may lose the ability to recognize faces. This is called

amorphosynthesis

Damage to Wernicke area would result in

aphasia

Terrance is told by his physician that he has lesions on one side of his spinal cord, which cut the lateral spinothalamic tract. Therefore, Terrance will have an inability to perceive

cutaneous sensations on the opposite side of his body below the level of injury.

Pacinian corpuscles respond to

deep cutaneous pressure and vibration

. A patient with a lesion in the hippocampus may have decreased

delarative memory

CREB activates gene transcription in neurons that results in the formation of

dendritic spines

Ruffini end organ

detects continuous touch or pressure

Pacinian corpuscle

detects deep pressure, vibration, and proprioception

Meissner corpuscles

detects touch, involved in 2-point discrimination

Which neurotransmitter substance has been implicated in Parkinson's disease?

dopemine

The gate control theory of pain says that pain impulses traveling through the lateral spinothalamic tract can be suppressed by increased activity of the

dorsal column/medial lemniscal system.

The sense of taste is an example of a general sense.

false

The sensory speech area is Broca area.

false

Visceroreceptors are receptors associated with joints, tendons, and other connective tissue.

false

The portion of the dorsal column/medial lemniscal tract that carries proprioceptive sensations from nerve endings in the feet and legs is the

fasciculus gracilis

During brain surgery, the superior portion of the primary somatic sensory cortex of a patient is stimulated. The patient is most likely to

feel something touching his back

A baseball pitcher was hit on the side of the head by a line drive. When he was revived, he could not remember how many balls and strikes the batter had. This was because

he lost both working and short-term memory.

If the Broca area is damaged, the result is

hesitant and distorted speech

The taste area is located in the

insula

The cerebellum functions as a comparator. This means that the cerebellum compares

intended movements with actual movements.

A lesion in the red nucleus results in

intention tremors

Which of the following is an ascending pathway in the spinal cord?

lateral spinothalamic tract