Chapter 14 Study

Which of the following are examples of recycling?

-Taking old tires and shredding them to make rubberized playground surfacing -Taking old aluminum cans, melting them, and recasting them into new cans

Some of the issues with open dumps include ______.

-the spread of waste and pollution by wind and rain -smell -the amount of waste oil poured into them

Hazardous waste is any discarded material that contains substances known to be ______.

-toxic, carcinogenic, or mutagenic to humans or other life-forms -corrosive -fatal to humans or lab animals in low doses

Approximately half of the solid waste produced in the United States is _____ waste, which is generally recycled into the _____ on the farms where it is produced.

1. agricultural or farm 2. soil, ground, earth, or fields

______ is the biological degradation or breakdown of organic matter under aerobic (oxygen-rich) conditions.

Composting

______ is a quick way to dispose of hazardous wastes by heating the waste to over 1,000οC for a sufficient period of time. When done incorrectly, it may lead to pollution.

Incineration

From the list of waste disposal methods, choose the one by which most municipal waste in the United States is disposed?

Landfilling

Match the waste disposal method to its example or description.

Ocean Dumping - Receives about 25,000 metric tons of packaging per year Incinerating - Reduces volume of waste and creates energy and air pollution Open Dumping - The most prevalent form of waste disposal in developing countries Waste Exporting - Shipping waste to less-developed countries

_____ dumps are inexpensive but have many problems such as smell, fires, vermin, and people scavenging in this hazardous area.

Open or Unregulated

_____ retrievable storage is technical and expensive and is usually reserved for the most toxic waste types such as radioactive wastes.

Permenant

______ treatments are one of the ways in which hazardous wastes can be disposed of. These treatments isolate or tie up substances in glass or concrete but still require storage.

Physical

______ is when a type of discarded material is reprocessed into a new product.

Recycling

Which of the following is the most energy efficient?

Reusing

The _____ is a revolving pool of funds that was designed to immediately respond to emergency situations and remediate abandoned or inactive polluted sites.

Superfund

Why did New York City reinstate recycling programs in the early 2000s?

They realized it was cheaper to recycle materials than to dispose of them in other ways.

True or false: Hazardous wastes can be used as raw materials.

True - Reason: Many waste products (including hazardous types) used in one industry may be used in other industries in the creation of other products.

True or false: The waste stream contains many valuable resources.

True - Reason: Much of the waste in the waste stream could be used by others if they were not mixed with garbage and other nonusable wastes.

Sites on the NPL are those that ______.

are most in need of remediation

The United States produces about 11 ______ tons of solid waste each year.

billion

Abandoned or underutilized polluted properties are called ______.

brownfields

The incineration of hazardous waste is relatively quick and easy, yet ______.

can be expensive

The biggest source(s) of toxic and hazardous waste in the United States are _____.

chemical and petroleum industries

The biological degradation or breakdown of organic matter under aerobic conditions is called _____.

composting or decomposition

One of the issues with electronic waste is that much of the ______ is carried out in the developing world where workers have little or no health protection.

disposal and recycling

The Superfund was designed to provide money for immediate response to _____ events that pose imminent hazards without having the lengthy court processes that would delay cleanup.

emergency or disatrous

Refuse-derived _____ incinerators have the majority of recyclable and nonburnable refuse removed before burning.

fuel

The Superfund was established for NPL sites that ______.

have been orphaned

Any discarded material that is explosive, or contains explosive substances, is considered to be a(n) _____ waste.

hazardous

Forty million metric tons of toxic and _____ wastes are released in the U.S. every year. The biggest culprits are the chemical and petroleum industries.

hazardous

Permanent retrievable storage is extremely expensive and is usually reserved for ________ materials such as spent uranium fuel rods and dioxins.

highly toxic

The amount of e-waste is ______ rapidly every year, and therefore is adding to the amount of hazardous materials exposed to the environment.

increasing

Recycling reduces the stress on _____ for disposal by removing that material from the waste stream.

landfills or incinerators

Everything smaller than sofas and refrigerators are dumped into a giant furnace and burned in a _____ burn furnace.

mass

Issues with wildlife, such as seabirds and turtles, eating plastic and other trash are the result of littering and _____ dumping.

ocean, sea, or marine

Physical treatments tie up hazardous wastes into substances such as glass, ceramics, or cement so that they cannot enter the environment; the waste also needs to be stored ______.

permanently

Ocean dumping results in widespread issues with sea life, such as seals being drowned in discarded nets and seabirds starving because their stomachs are filled with ________.

plastic

Brownfield sites are areas that have been, or have been suspected of being, _____ and therefore are abandoned or underutilized.

polluted or contaminated

Hazardous waste is dangerous and expensive to deal with; therefore, the best solution is to not _____ it (in the first place).

produce, manufacture, create, or make

Recycling reduces the need for ______ to make a certain product, thereby reducing pressures on the areas where those materials are mined.

raw materials

Instead of building a large incinerator, the city of Philadelphia is investing in waste collection facilities that will _____ about 600 tons everyday.

recycle

A successful way to eliminate hazardous waste is to _____ the waste and use it in another industry. This way the producer of the waste does not have to pay for disposal and the user gains raw material for little cost.

recycle or reuse

Newspapers processed into insulation and steel cans turned into new construction materials are both examples of _____.

recycling

The reprocessing of discarded materials into new, useful products is _____.

recycling

Some of the strategies that can shrink the waste stream include ______.

recycling reducing reusing

Among the "three Rs," _____ waste is the cheapest option for waste management because it saves the most energy, materials, and money.

reducing or reduce

The best way to reduce hazardous waste is by ________.

reducing production

Although recycling glass bottles is more energy efficient than using virgin material, ______ is even more efficient because no energy is needed to melt down and reform the bottles.

reusing or reuse

A _____ landfill compacts and covers solid waste with dirt in order to decrease odors and discourage vermin populations.

sanitary

A(n) ______ landfill is the most popular solution for hazardous waste.

secure

A landfill that has a thick plastic liner, compacted clay, impervious layers, monitoring wells, and is used for hazardous waste is called a(n) _____ landfill.

secure or sanitary

A sanitary landfill is used for ______ waste.

solid

The _____ stream describes the steady flow of varied refuse and garbage that humans.

waste