Chapter 15

Considering the wavelengths of light received and abundance of various photoreceptors, which color is best received by the retina?

yellow

What structure changes the shape of the lens for far and near vision?

ciliary body

A person suffering from ________ can see distant objects more clearly than those that are close.

hyperopia

All of the following is a function of tears except

maintains acidic environment.

Name the three tiny bones located in the middle ear, from lateral to medial. (Module 15.16A)

malleus, incus, and stapes

The visual receptors of the retina are called

photoreceptors

All of the following are true of the lacrimal glands except that they

produce a strongly hypertonic fluid

The opening in the iris through which light passes is the

pupil

When light encounters a medium of different density, it is bent or

refracted

________ are photoreceptor cells that are most useful in dim light.

rods

Gravity and linear acceleration are sensed in the

saccule and utricle

Taste receptors are distributed in which of the following places?

-surface of the epiglottis -portions of the pharynx -surface of the tongue

A typical gustatory cell survives for only about ________ days before it is replaced

10

The olfactory receptor cell can be activated by as few as ________ odorant molecules.

4

The visible spectrum for humans extends between a wavelength of 400 nm and ________ nm.

700

________, or pinkeye, results from damage to or irritation of the conjunctival surface.

Conjunctivitis

Define decibel. (Module 15.20A)

Decibels are units of the intensity of sound.

Why does the near point of vision typically increase with age? (Module 15.9C)

Elasticity of the lens decreases with age.

Define emmetropia. (Module 15.14A)

It is the term for normal vision.

What occurs when the head is in the normal, upright position?

The otoliths push the hair cell processes down.

Compare olfactory receptors with receptors for the other special senses. (Module 15.1C)

Olfactory receptors are the dendrites of specialized excitable olfactory neurons, whereas the receptors for the other special senses are receptor cells with inexcitable membranes and form synapses with the processes of sensory neurons.

Which cranial nerve monitors all the taste buds located on the anterior two-thirds of the tongue?

VII

Taste buds are monitored by cranial nerves

VII, IX, X

The vibrations received by the tympanic membrane are transferred to the oval window by the

auditory ossicles

Myopia __________.

can be treated by placing a diverging lens in front of the eye

Olfactory information is first received by which part of the brain?

cerebrum

Identify two common classes of hearing-related disorders. (Module 15.22C)

conductive hearing loss and sensorineural hearing loss

________ are photoreceptors that convey our ability to see color.

cones

Which layer of the eye would be the first affected by inadequate tear production? (Module 15.6B)

conjunctiva

A sudden rise of room brightness would cause

contraction of the pupillary constrictor muscles

Which type of lens would correct hyperopia? (Module 15.14B)

converging lens (with at least one convex surface)

In the human eye, most refraction occurs when light passes through the

cornea

A ray of light entering the eye will encounter these structures in which order?

cornea - aqueous humor - lens - vitreous body - retina - choroid

Olfactory organs are located in the nasal cavity inferior to the perforated bony structure known as the

cribriform plate

Which cells develop into the photoreceptors? (Module 15.5C

ependymal cells of the outer layer of the optic cup

Sound travels directly to the eardrum through the

external acoustic meatus

Identify the accessory structures of the eye. (Module 15.6A)

eyelids, eyelashes, the superficial epithelium of the eye, and the structures associated with the production, secretion, and removal of tears

Identify the cranial nerves that carry gustatory information. (Module 15.4B)

facial, glossopharyngeal, and vagus nerves

An area of the retina that contains only cones and is the site of sharpest vision is the

fovea centralis.

A sound with a frequency of 12,000 hertz would be

high-pitched

Where in the eye is aqueous humor located? (Module 15.7C)

in the anterior cavity, between the cornea and the lens

Which structures develop into the retina? (Module 15.5B)

inner and outer layers of the optic cup

The senses of equilibrium and hearing are provided by receptors of the

internal ear.

A person suffering from ________ can see objects that are close, but distant objects appear blurred.

myopia

Olfactory receptors send axons through the cribriform plate. They synapse on neurons in the

olfactory bulb

What is the eye's blind spot? (Module 15.10A)

optic disc

Name the three layers of the eye. (Module 15.7A)

outer fibrous layer, middle vascular layer, deep inner layer

The ________ ear collects sounds waves and transmits them to the ________ ear, which contains auditory ossicles.

outer; middle

Which of the following is not one of the six taste sensations?

peppery

When you spin quickly, you may feel dizzy. Which component of the inner ear generates the sensations that can lead to this feeling?

semicircular canal

Define gustation.

sense of taste

________ glands are modified sebaceous glands located along the margin of the eyelid that secrete a lipid-rich product.

tarsal

What gives eyes their characteristic color? (Module 15.7B)

the density and distribution of melanocytes in the iris

A loud noise does not cause

the generation of a wave with a high frequency.

In sensorineural deafness, __________.

the problem lies within the cochlea or somewhere along the auditory pathway

What is the function of the auditory tube? (Module 15.16B)

to allow pressure equalization on both sides of the tympanic membrane

What is your reflexive response to hearing a loud noise, such as a firecracker? (Module 15.21C)

turn your head and eyes toward the source of the noise

Sound waves are converted into mechanical movements by the

tympanic membrane.

When all three cone populations are stimulated equally, we perceive

white

Where are the hair cell receptors for equilibrium located? (Module 15.21A)

vestibule and semicircular ducts Submit

Where are visual images perceived? (Module 15.13B)

visual cortex of the occipital lobe

The gelatinous material found in the posterior cavity is the

vitreous humor.

The frequency of a perceived sound depends on

which part of the cochlear duct is stimulated.