chapter 15: biomedical therapies

psychoanalysis

Sigmund Freud believed that many people have anxiety related to id-ego-superego conflicts such as repression of sexual wishes

psychoanalysis, psychodynamic therapy

Sigmund Freud's legacy carried on today

psychotherapy

an interactive experience with a trained professional, working on understanding behavior thinking, relationships and emotions

group therapy

assembles about six to nine people with related needs into a group, facilitated by the therapist; to work on therapeutic goals together

humanistic therapy

attempts to support personal growth by helping people gain self-awareness and self-acceptance; look at notes

style of client-centered therapist

being non-directive, being genuine, being accepting, being empathetic, showing empathy

psychoanalystic/pyschodynamic therapy

bringing the unconscious to awareness

virtual reality therapy

involves exposure to simulations such as flying (below) or snakes

self-help groups

led my group members instead of therapist; focus is more on support rather than working on goals during session

tardive dyskensia

long-term use of antipsychotics; involuntary movements of facial muscles, tongue and limbs

antidepressant

medication that improves mood and control over depressing and anxious thoughts

antipsychotic

medication that reduces symptoms of schizophrenia, especially hallucinations

antianxiety

medication that temporarily reduces worried thinking and physical agitation

deep brain stimulation

pacemaker that controls implanted electrodes; inhibits activity in a brain area that feeds negative emotions and thinking

drug (medication) therapies

psycho pharmacology refers to the study of drug effects on behavior, mood and the mind

mood stabilizers

reduce the "highs" of mania as well as reduce the depressive "lows"

what is the goal of behavior therapy

reduce wanted responses and to increase wanted repsonses

biomedical therapies

refers to physically changing the brain's functioning by altering its chemistry with medications

what are the three branches of psychoanalysis

resistance, dreams, transference

what are some cognitive therapy techniques

reveal beliefs, test beliefs, change beliefs

dreams

there may be themes or "latent content" behind the plot of a patient's dream

aversive conditioning

when a person has been conditioned to have a positive association with a drug

selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors

work by blocking the normal reuptake of excess serotonin from synapses

cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT)

works to change both cognitions and behaviors that are part of mental health disorder

improving treatment of mental illness

from throwing away the key, to finding they key

family therapy

having a session with the whole family, at home or in a office, allows the therapist to work on the family system

ADHD stimulants

help control impulses and reduce distractibility and the need for stimulation including fidgeting

Aaron Beck's therapy for depression

helped people see how their depression was worsened by errors in thinking such as catastrophizing (interpreting current events as signs of the worse possible outcome)

cognitive therapy

helps people alter the negative thinking that worsens depression and anxiety

CBT homework

homework is integral to CBT and the goal is to extend the opportunities for cognitive and behavioral change throughout the patient's week

cogntive therapy, changing thoughts

Aaron Beck and Albert Ellis, reducing errors and distress

behavior therapy, using conditioning

B.F. Skinner and Ivan Pavlov applied to people

humanistic, client-centered therapy

Carl Rogers and Abraham Maslow

exposure therapy

a conditioned fear can worsen when avoidance of the feared situation gets reinforced by a quick reduction in anxiety

psychosurgery

a lobotomy destroys the connections between the frontal lobes and the rest of the brain

systematic desensitization

beginning with a tiny reminder of the feared situation and continuing to increase the exposure

behavior therapy

changing associations (exposure therapy), or using consequences

cognitive therapies

changing unhelpful beliefs and interpretations

electroconvulsive therapy (ECT)

controversial; patient was awake --> seizures, unconsciousness --> memory loss; but people felt better

what are different biomedical therapies

drug therapies, brain stimulation, psychosurgery, therapeutic lifestyle change

vagus nerve stimulation (VNS)

stimulates a nerve deep in the neck --> electrical device is planted in the chest --> periodically sends signals to the limbic system

inhibiting reuptake

stop sending neuron from taking back its chemical messages before they are received

what are the two versions of exposure therapy

systematic desensitization and virtual reality therapy

transference

the patient may have reactions toward the therapist that are actually based on feelings toward someone from the past

operant conditioning

the shaping of chosen behavior in response to the consequences of the behavior; voluntary

resistance

the therapist notices times when the patient seems blocked in speaking about certain subjects

biomedical therapy

the use of medications and other procedures acting directly on the body to reduce symptoms of mental disorders

psychodynamic therapy

therapist help reveal and resolve the dynamics, and changes in the individual; focus is to improve self-awareness and insight into unconscious