Chapter 15-Leadership

Which of the following characteristics is not generally classified as a feminine trait associated with interactive leadership?

Exclusiveness

This dependent type of thinker does not consider possibilities beyond what he or she is told, does not contribute to the cultivation of the organization, and accepts the supervisor's ideas without thinking.

Uncritical thinker

Refers to the amount of knowledge, experience, and demonstrated skill that a subordinate brings to the task.

ability

This type of follower participates fully in the organization, engages in behavior that is beyond the limits of the job, demonstrates a sense of ownership, and initiates problem solving and decision making.

active follower

Second dimension of follower style

active versus passive behavior

Jaime is a potato farmer from Idaho. He has been asked by a local school district to help develop a curriculum on sustainable development and community gardens. Even though he has never taught students in schools, Jaime has children and understands that he needs to break down farming process in a way that elementary school students can understand. Based on this scenario, one could infer that Jaime has a strength in:

adapting knowledge to fit different audiences.

Middle-of-the-road management

adequate organization performance is possible through balancing the necessity to get out work with maintaining morale of people at a satisfactory level

Often effective followers who have experienced setbacks and obstacles— perhaps promises broken by their superiors.

alienated follower

The __________ is a passive, yet independent critical thinker.

alienated follower

This style follower are able to think independently, but they do not participate in developing solutions to the problems or deficiencies that they see. These people waste valuable time complaining about their boss without offering constructive feedback.

alienated follower

The extent to which an individual is active or passive and is an critical thinker or a uncritical thinker determines whether the person will be....

alienated follower, a passive follower, a conformist, a pragmatic survivor, or an effective follower

Key characteristic of Level 5 leaders

an almost complete lack of ego coupled with a fierce resolve to do what is best for the organization

Vision

an attractive, ideal future that is credible yet not readily attainable

__________ leadership refers to individuals who know and understand themselves, who espouse and act consistent with higher order ethical values, and who empower and inspire others with their openness.

authentic

This type of leader respects diverse viewpoints, encourages collaboration, and helps others learn, grow, and develop as leaders.

authentic leader

Low concern for people, high concern for production

authority-compliance

An effective follower will...

behave the same toward everyone, regardless of their position in the organization.

Humility

being unpretentious and modest rather than arrogant and prideful

The effective follower is

both a critical thinker and active in the organization.

How can two people with widely different styles both be effective leaders?

by understanding contingency approaches to leadership

This independent type of thinker can weigh the impact of their boss's and their own decisions and offer constructive criticism, creativity, and innovation.

critical thinkers

High follower readiness, low task behaviors, low relationship behaviors

delegating style

Uncritical thinking

dependent

Transformational leaders

distinguished by their special ability to bring about innovation and change by recognizing followers' needs and concerns, providing meaning, challenging people to look at old problems in new ways, and acting as role models for the new values and behaviors

What was the Great Man approach to leadership?

find out what made these people great, and select future leaders who already exhibited the same traits or could learn to develop them

The pragmatic survivor....

has qualities of all four extremes—depending on which style fits with the prevalent situation.

Charismatic leader

has the ability to inspire and motivate people to do more than they would normally do, despite obstacles and personal sacrifice

Ohio State studies (1940's) were responsible for what study?

identifying two major behaviors, consideration and initiating structure

Low concern for people, low concern for production

impoverished management

Critical thinking

independent

__________________ promotes stability and order within the existing organizational structure

management

Often emerge when an organization is going through desperate times, and individuals find themselves doing whatever is needed to get through the difficulty.

pragmatic survivor

This type of person uses whatever style best benefits his or her own position and minimizes risk.

pragmatic survivor

Key characteristics of authentic leaders

purse their purpose with passion, practice solid values, lead with their hearts as well as their heads, establish connected relationships, demonstrate self-discipline

First dimension of follower style

quality of critical thinkers versus uncritical thinkers

Leadership

the ability to influence people towards the attainment of goals

Coercive power refers to

the authority to punish or recommend punishment

Traits

the distinguished personal characteristics of a leader, such as intelligence, honesty, self-confidence, and even appearance.

Influence

the effect that a person's actions have on the attitudes, values, beliefs, or behavior of others

Consideration

the extent to which the leader is mindful of subordinates, respects their ideas and feelings, and establishes mutual trust

Initiating structure

the extent to which the leader is task-oriented and directs subordinate work activities toward goal attainment

Interactive leadership

the leader favors a consensual and collaborative process, and influence derives from relationships rather than position power and formal authority

It has been determined that the appropriateness of a trait or set of traits for leaders depends on:

the leadership situation

Power

the potential ability to influence the behavior of others

Country club management

thoughtful attention to the needs of people for satisfying relationships leads to a comfortable, friendly organization atmosphere and work tempo

Servant leader

transcends self-interest to serve others, the organization, and society

Expert power is one of the five sources of power. (T/F)

true

In substitutes for leadership, there are situations where leader style is ___________

unimportant

W.L. Gore is the company that created Gore-Tex among other innovative products. Gore employees, referred to as associates, don't have titles or bosses in the traditional sense. Instead, associates commit to projects that they believe are worth their time. At Gore, few leaders are appointed; leaders simply emerge as needed. Gore more than likely adheres to the __________ theory of leadership.

visionary

Refers to a combination of confidence, commitment, and motivation

willingness

According to the situational model of leadership, a follower's readiness is determined by the degree of ___________ and __________ that a subordinate demonstrates while performing a specific task

willingness and ability

Authority-compliance

Efficiency in operations results from arranging conditions of work in such a way that human elements interfere to a minimum degree

__________ generates awareness and acceptance of a group's purpose and mission and gets employees to see beyond their own needs and self-interest for the good of the group.

Charismatic leadership

Middle of the leadership/managerial grid

Middle-of-the-road management

Mr. Choy manages a group of telemarketers who sell weight-loss products. The members of his team range from those who have been in the telemarketing business for decades to those who have only been working for a few months. If Mr. Choy is a situational leader, how might he ensure that the employees for whom he is responsible are performing well?

Mr. Choy might develop a buddy system so more experienced staff help the novices.

Asia is the captain of her soccer team. Her teammates believe in her and look up to her because she leads by example and is not afraid to do the things she asks the others to do. Asia decides to sign her team up for a benefit soccer game aimed at raising funds for a recreational facility for underserved youth in a neighboring community. The majority of her teammates, however, tell her that they are not interested in participating in the fundraiser. Which of the following most likely explains Asia's teammates' decision not to play?

She made a decision without consulting the team first.

David works as an orchestra director for a small company in Sao Paolo, Brazil. At the end of one of the company's elaborate performances, they receive a standing ovation, and David is asked to say a few words. As a Level 5 leader, David will probably

Thank the members of the orchestra and credit them for their hard work

Imani is the team leader for women's shoes at a local department store. Her team members trust her judgment and respect her because she is an authentic leader who leads by example. Imani is also goal-oriented and keeps an organized chart so everyone on the schedules knows exact what he or she is responsible for and how to contribute to the overall team dynamic. Which of the following statements are true about Imani's leadership situation?

The situation is highly favorable because the leader and her team members have positive relationships and tasks are highly structured

Situational model of leadership

a leader can adopt one of four leadership styles based on a combination of relationship (concern for people) and task (concern for production) behaviors

Alienated follower

a passive yet critical thinker

5 locations on a leadership grid (managerial grid)

country club management, team management, impoverished management, authority compliance, and middle-of-the-road management

Dakota runs Soul Earth, a holistic care center committed to alternative healing modalities such as acupuncture and meditation. As the organization transforms its vision to incorporate all types of wellness, Dakota must figure out how to get her staff on the same page. As a transformational leader, Dakota should:

call on her staff to be agents of change and to live the philosophies that they teach their clients.

Transactional leaders

clarify the role and task requirements of subordinates, initiate structure, provide appropriate rewards, and try to be considerate and meet the social needs of subordinates

The opposite of reward power

coercive power

All of the following are essential parts of any definition of leadership except:

coercive power.

Faith, the ED of a youth serving organization in Portland, Oregon, is extremely nurturing and gives her staff enough latitude so they can think creatively about problems. As an interactive leader, Faith mostly likely:

collaborates with her staff to come up with new strategies for youth recruitment.

Referent power

comes from an individual's personal characteristics that command others' identification, respect, and admiration so that they wish to emulate that individual

Michigan Studies (1950's) were responsible for what study?

compared the behavior of effective and ineffective supervisors

The Leadership Grid uses two leader behaviors, known as:

concern for people and concern for production.

A conformist is concerned only with avoiding ____________.

conflict

Participates willingly, but without considering the consequences of what he or she is being asked to do—even at the risk of contributing to a harmful endeavor.

conformist

This follower style might reflect an individual's overdependent attitude toward authority, yet it can also result from rigid rules and authoritarian environments that create a culture of conformity.

conformist

Maya is the store manager for a popular fast food chain. Having taken several courses in leadership development and managing teams, she is committed to ensuring that her staff work in a nurturing environment that promotes growth, acknowledgement, and reward. She wants her employees to be content because she believes that it is the only way they will provide quality customer service. Maya's behavior can be described as:

consideration

Neutralizer

counteracts the leadership style and prevents the leader from displaying certain behaviors

High concern for people, low concern for production

country club management

These people are capable of self-management, they discern strengths and weaknesses in themselves and their bosses, they are committed to something bigger than themselves, and they work toward competency, solutions, and positive impact.

effective follower

Which is more effective, employee-centered leaders or job-centered leaders?

employee-centered leaders

Employee-centered leaders

established high performance goals and displayed supportive behavior towards subordinates

Impoverished management

exertion of minimum effort to get required work done is appropriate to sustain organization membership

A passive follower

exhibits neither critical thinking nor active participation

Contingency approaches

explore how the organizational situation influences leader effectiveness

Somaya has been working at Think Pink, a clothing company for girls, for about five years. Her supervisor trusts her to make decisions and to come up with brilliant marketing ideas at the beginning of every season. Somaya's ideas are quite ingenious, and she always manages to develop a socially relevant theme to go along with the brand. Somaya is most likely a(n):

independent critical thinker

Authentic leadership

individuals who know and understand themselves, who espouse and act consistent with higher-order ethical values, and who empower and inspire others with their openness and authenticity

One of the most important things about the leadership/managerial grid

it suggests that leaders can be both people focused and task focused at the same time

Fiedler's Contingency Theory

leader's style is task oriented or relationship (people) oriented

According to Fiedler the favorableness of a situation depends on what three variables?

leader-member relations, task structure, and leader position power

__________________ motivates toward vision and change

leadership

Job-centered leaders

less concerned with goal achievement/human needs and focused on meeting schedules, cost-management, and efficiency

The type of leader who builds organizations based on solid values that go far beyond just making money, with an unwavering resolve to do whatever is needed to make the company successful over the long term

level 5 leader

Which 2 leadership types are associated with interactive leadership?

level 5 leadership and female leaders

4 approaches for today's turbulent times

level 5 leadership, servant leadership, authentic leadership, interactive leadership

Critical thinkers are......

mindful of the effects of their own and others' behavior on achieving organizational goals

Strengths

natural talents and abilities that have been supported and reinforced with learned knowledge and skills and provide each individual with his or her best tools for accomplishment and satisfaction

A __________ is a situational variable that counteracts a leadership style and prevents the leader from displaying certain behaviors.

neutralizer

Leadership evolves as the needs of the ___________________ change.

organization

Conformist

participates actively in a relationship with the boss but doesn't use critical-thinking skills.

Moderately high follower readiness, low task behaviors, high relationship behaviors

participating (supporting) style

Often, this style is the result of a micromanaging boss who encourages this behavior. People learn that to show initiative, accept responsibility, or think creatively is not rewarded, and may even be punished by the boss.

passive follower

This type of follower, is characterized by a need for constant supervision and prodding by superiors.

passive follower

Consideration falls into the category of ______________ oriented behavior

people-oriented

How does the leadership/managerial grid work?

places managers in one of five locations based on the extent to which they use a person- or employee-centered or a production- or task-centered approach to management

Legitimate power

power coming from a formal management position in an organization and the authority granted to it

Expert power

power resulting from a person's special knowledge or skill regarding the tasks being performed

Fiedler found that in moderately favorable situations, ______________________ leaders were more successful.

relationship-oriented (people-oriented)

Moderately low follower readiness, high task behaviors, high relationship behaviors

selling (coaching) style

This type of leader gives things away, like power, ideas, information, recognition, credit for accomplishments, even money.

servant leader

This type of leader often work in the non profit world?

servant leader

What type of leader would agree with the quote "any time you are managing people, your job is not about you, it's about them"?

servant leader

Passive followers....

show neither initiative nor a sense of responsibility. Their activity is limited to what they are told to do, and they accomplish things only with a great deal of supervision

Contingency approaches include....

situational model of leadership, leadership model, and substitutes for leadership concept

Reward power

stems from the authority to bestow rewards on other people

Substitutes for leadership

suggests that situational variables can be so powerful that they actually substitute for or neutralize the need for leadership

Fiedler found that, in very favorable or very unfavorable situations, ______________ leaders were more successful.

task-oriented

Initiating structure is the degree of _____________ oriented behavior

task-oriented

Two types of behaviors that have been identified as important for leadership are what?

task-oriented behavior and people-oriented behavior

High concern for people, high concern for production

team management

Low follower readiness, high task behaviors, low relationship behaviors

telling (directing) style

4 leadership styles a leader can adopt according to the situational model

telling, selling, participating, and delegating

What is the point of the situational model?

that subordinates vary in readiness

Abraham is the kind of supervisor who enjoys being the boss because he likes to dictate what others can do and say. Although they are all fairly unhappy, Abraham's staff persons have not complained about his behavior because they fear him. As a leader who enjoys coercive power, Abraham would probably:

withhold compensation or dismiss his staff if they did not follow his directions.

Team management

work accomplishment is from committed people; interdependence through a common stake in organization purpose leads to relationships of trust and respect

In servant leadership, work exists for the development of the __________.

worker