Chapter 15-Leadership
Which of the following characteristics is not generally classified as a feminine trait associated with interactive leadership?
Exclusiveness
This dependent type of thinker does not consider possibilities beyond what he or she is told, does not contribute to the cultivation of the organization, and accepts the supervisor's ideas without thinking.
Uncritical thinker
Refers to the amount of knowledge, experience, and demonstrated skill that a subordinate brings to the task.
ability
This type of follower participates fully in the organization, engages in behavior that is beyond the limits of the job, demonstrates a sense of ownership, and initiates problem solving and decision making.
active follower
Second dimension of follower style
active versus passive behavior
Jaime is a potato farmer from Idaho. He has been asked by a local school district to help develop a curriculum on sustainable development and community gardens. Even though he has never taught students in schools, Jaime has children and understands that he needs to break down farming process in a way that elementary school students can understand. Based on this scenario, one could infer that Jaime has a strength in:
adapting knowledge to fit different audiences.
Middle-of-the-road management
adequate organization performance is possible through balancing the necessity to get out work with maintaining morale of people at a satisfactory level
Often effective followers who have experienced setbacks and obstacles— perhaps promises broken by their superiors.
alienated follower
The __________ is a passive, yet independent critical thinker.
alienated follower
This style follower are able to think independently, but they do not participate in developing solutions to the problems or deficiencies that they see. These people waste valuable time complaining about their boss without offering constructive feedback.
alienated follower
The extent to which an individual is active or passive and is an critical thinker or a uncritical thinker determines whether the person will be....
alienated follower, a passive follower, a conformist, a pragmatic survivor, or an effective follower
Key characteristic of Level 5 leaders
an almost complete lack of ego coupled with a fierce resolve to do what is best for the organization
Vision
an attractive, ideal future that is credible yet not readily attainable
__________ leadership refers to individuals who know and understand themselves, who espouse and act consistent with higher order ethical values, and who empower and inspire others with their openness.
authentic
This type of leader respects diverse viewpoints, encourages collaboration, and helps others learn, grow, and develop as leaders.
authentic leader
Low concern for people, high concern for production
authority-compliance
An effective follower will...
behave the same toward everyone, regardless of their position in the organization.
Humility
being unpretentious and modest rather than arrogant and prideful
The effective follower is
both a critical thinker and active in the organization.
How can two people with widely different styles both be effective leaders?
by understanding contingency approaches to leadership
This independent type of thinker can weigh the impact of their boss's and their own decisions and offer constructive criticism, creativity, and innovation.
critical thinkers
High follower readiness, low task behaviors, low relationship behaviors
delegating style
Uncritical thinking
dependent
Transformational leaders
distinguished by their special ability to bring about innovation and change by recognizing followers' needs and concerns, providing meaning, challenging people to look at old problems in new ways, and acting as role models for the new values and behaviors
What was the Great Man approach to leadership?
find out what made these people great, and select future leaders who already exhibited the same traits or could learn to develop them
The pragmatic survivor....
has qualities of all four extremes—depending on which style fits with the prevalent situation.
Charismatic leader
has the ability to inspire and motivate people to do more than they would normally do, despite obstacles and personal sacrifice
Ohio State studies (1940's) were responsible for what study?
identifying two major behaviors, consideration and initiating structure
Low concern for people, low concern for production
impoverished management
Critical thinking
independent
__________________ promotes stability and order within the existing organizational structure
management
Often emerge when an organization is going through desperate times, and individuals find themselves doing whatever is needed to get through the difficulty.
pragmatic survivor
This type of person uses whatever style best benefits his or her own position and minimizes risk.
pragmatic survivor
Key characteristics of authentic leaders
purse their purpose with passion, practice solid values, lead with their hearts as well as their heads, establish connected relationships, demonstrate self-discipline
First dimension of follower style
quality of critical thinkers versus uncritical thinkers
Leadership
the ability to influence people towards the attainment of goals
Coercive power refers to
the authority to punish or recommend punishment
Traits
the distinguished personal characteristics of a leader, such as intelligence, honesty, self-confidence, and even appearance.
Influence
the effect that a person's actions have on the attitudes, values, beliefs, or behavior of others
Consideration
the extent to which the leader is mindful of subordinates, respects their ideas and feelings, and establishes mutual trust
Initiating structure
the extent to which the leader is task-oriented and directs subordinate work activities toward goal attainment
Interactive leadership
the leader favors a consensual and collaborative process, and influence derives from relationships rather than position power and formal authority
It has been determined that the appropriateness of a trait or set of traits for leaders depends on:
the leadership situation
Power
the potential ability to influence the behavior of others
Country club management
thoughtful attention to the needs of people for satisfying relationships leads to a comfortable, friendly organization atmosphere and work tempo
Servant leader
transcends self-interest to serve others, the organization, and society
Expert power is one of the five sources of power. (T/F)
true
In substitutes for leadership, there are situations where leader style is ___________
unimportant
W.L. Gore is the company that created Gore-Tex among other innovative products. Gore employees, referred to as associates, don't have titles or bosses in the traditional sense. Instead, associates commit to projects that they believe are worth their time. At Gore, few leaders are appointed; leaders simply emerge as needed. Gore more than likely adheres to the __________ theory of leadership.
visionary
Refers to a combination of confidence, commitment, and motivation
willingness
According to the situational model of leadership, a follower's readiness is determined by the degree of ___________ and __________ that a subordinate demonstrates while performing a specific task
willingness and ability
Authority-compliance
Efficiency in operations results from arranging conditions of work in such a way that human elements interfere to a minimum degree
__________ generates awareness and acceptance of a group's purpose and mission and gets employees to see beyond their own needs and self-interest for the good of the group.
Charismatic leadership
Middle of the leadership/managerial grid
Middle-of-the-road management
Mr. Choy manages a group of telemarketers who sell weight-loss products. The members of his team range from those who have been in the telemarketing business for decades to those who have only been working for a few months. If Mr. Choy is a situational leader, how might he ensure that the employees for whom he is responsible are performing well?
Mr. Choy might develop a buddy system so more experienced staff help the novices.
Asia is the captain of her soccer team. Her teammates believe in her and look up to her because she leads by example and is not afraid to do the things she asks the others to do. Asia decides to sign her team up for a benefit soccer game aimed at raising funds for a recreational facility for underserved youth in a neighboring community. The majority of her teammates, however, tell her that they are not interested in participating in the fundraiser. Which of the following most likely explains Asia's teammates' decision not to play?
She made a decision without consulting the team first.
David works as an orchestra director for a small company in Sao Paolo, Brazil. At the end of one of the company's elaborate performances, they receive a standing ovation, and David is asked to say a few words. As a Level 5 leader, David will probably
Thank the members of the orchestra and credit them for their hard work
Imani is the team leader for women's shoes at a local department store. Her team members trust her judgment and respect her because she is an authentic leader who leads by example. Imani is also goal-oriented and keeps an organized chart so everyone on the schedules knows exact what he or she is responsible for and how to contribute to the overall team dynamic. Which of the following statements are true about Imani's leadership situation?
The situation is highly favorable because the leader and her team members have positive relationships and tasks are highly structured
Situational model of leadership
a leader can adopt one of four leadership styles based on a combination of relationship (concern for people) and task (concern for production) behaviors
Alienated follower
a passive yet critical thinker
5 locations on a leadership grid (managerial grid)
country club management, team management, impoverished management, authority compliance, and middle-of-the-road management
Dakota runs Soul Earth, a holistic care center committed to alternative healing modalities such as acupuncture and meditation. As the organization transforms its vision to incorporate all types of wellness, Dakota must figure out how to get her staff on the same page. As a transformational leader, Dakota should:
call on her staff to be agents of change and to live the philosophies that they teach their clients.
Transactional leaders
clarify the role and task requirements of subordinates, initiate structure, provide appropriate rewards, and try to be considerate and meet the social needs of subordinates
The opposite of reward power
coercive power
All of the following are essential parts of any definition of leadership except:
coercive power.
Faith, the ED of a youth serving organization in Portland, Oregon, is extremely nurturing and gives her staff enough latitude so they can think creatively about problems. As an interactive leader, Faith mostly likely:
collaborates with her staff to come up with new strategies for youth recruitment.
Referent power
comes from an individual's personal characteristics that command others' identification, respect, and admiration so that they wish to emulate that individual
Michigan Studies (1950's) were responsible for what study?
compared the behavior of effective and ineffective supervisors
The Leadership Grid uses two leader behaviors, known as:
concern for people and concern for production.
A conformist is concerned only with avoiding ____________.
conflict
Participates willingly, but without considering the consequences of what he or she is being asked to do—even at the risk of contributing to a harmful endeavor.
conformist
This follower style might reflect an individual's overdependent attitude toward authority, yet it can also result from rigid rules and authoritarian environments that create a culture of conformity.
conformist
Maya is the store manager for a popular fast food chain. Having taken several courses in leadership development and managing teams, she is committed to ensuring that her staff work in a nurturing environment that promotes growth, acknowledgement, and reward. She wants her employees to be content because she believes that it is the only way they will provide quality customer service. Maya's behavior can be described as:
consideration
Neutralizer
counteracts the leadership style and prevents the leader from displaying certain behaviors
High concern for people, low concern for production
country club management
These people are capable of self-management, they discern strengths and weaknesses in themselves and their bosses, they are committed to something bigger than themselves, and they work toward competency, solutions, and positive impact.
effective follower
Which is more effective, employee-centered leaders or job-centered leaders?
employee-centered leaders
Employee-centered leaders
established high performance goals and displayed supportive behavior towards subordinates
Impoverished management
exertion of minimum effort to get required work done is appropriate to sustain organization membership
A passive follower
exhibits neither critical thinking nor active participation
Contingency approaches
explore how the organizational situation influences leader effectiveness
Somaya has been working at Think Pink, a clothing company for girls, for about five years. Her supervisor trusts her to make decisions and to come up with brilliant marketing ideas at the beginning of every season. Somaya's ideas are quite ingenious, and she always manages to develop a socially relevant theme to go along with the brand. Somaya is most likely a(n):
independent critical thinker
Authentic leadership
individuals who know and understand themselves, who espouse and act consistent with higher-order ethical values, and who empower and inspire others with their openness and authenticity
One of the most important things about the leadership/managerial grid
it suggests that leaders can be both people focused and task focused at the same time
Fiedler's Contingency Theory
leader's style is task oriented or relationship (people) oriented
According to Fiedler the favorableness of a situation depends on what three variables?
leader-member relations, task structure, and leader position power
__________________ motivates toward vision and change
leadership
Job-centered leaders
less concerned with goal achievement/human needs and focused on meeting schedules, cost-management, and efficiency
The type of leader who builds organizations based on solid values that go far beyond just making money, with an unwavering resolve to do whatever is needed to make the company successful over the long term
level 5 leader
Which 2 leadership types are associated with interactive leadership?
level 5 leadership and female leaders
4 approaches for today's turbulent times
level 5 leadership, servant leadership, authentic leadership, interactive leadership
Critical thinkers are......
mindful of the effects of their own and others' behavior on achieving organizational goals
Strengths
natural talents and abilities that have been supported and reinforced with learned knowledge and skills and provide each individual with his or her best tools for accomplishment and satisfaction
A __________ is a situational variable that counteracts a leadership style and prevents the leader from displaying certain behaviors.
neutralizer
Leadership evolves as the needs of the ___________________ change.
organization
Conformist
participates actively in a relationship with the boss but doesn't use critical-thinking skills.
Moderately high follower readiness, low task behaviors, high relationship behaviors
participating (supporting) style
Often, this style is the result of a micromanaging boss who encourages this behavior. People learn that to show initiative, accept responsibility, or think creatively is not rewarded, and may even be punished by the boss.
passive follower
This type of follower, is characterized by a need for constant supervision and prodding by superiors.
passive follower
Consideration falls into the category of ______________ oriented behavior
people-oriented
How does the leadership/managerial grid work?
places managers in one of five locations based on the extent to which they use a person- or employee-centered or a production- or task-centered approach to management
Legitimate power
power coming from a formal management position in an organization and the authority granted to it
Expert power
power resulting from a person's special knowledge or skill regarding the tasks being performed
Fiedler found that in moderately favorable situations, ______________________ leaders were more successful.
relationship-oriented (people-oriented)
Moderately low follower readiness, high task behaviors, high relationship behaviors
selling (coaching) style
This type of leader gives things away, like power, ideas, information, recognition, credit for accomplishments, even money.
servant leader
This type of leader often work in the non profit world?
servant leader
What type of leader would agree with the quote "any time you are managing people, your job is not about you, it's about them"?
servant leader
Passive followers....
show neither initiative nor a sense of responsibility. Their activity is limited to what they are told to do, and they accomplish things only with a great deal of supervision
Contingency approaches include....
situational model of leadership, leadership model, and substitutes for leadership concept
Reward power
stems from the authority to bestow rewards on other people
Substitutes for leadership
suggests that situational variables can be so powerful that they actually substitute for or neutralize the need for leadership
Fiedler found that, in very favorable or very unfavorable situations, ______________ leaders were more successful.
task-oriented
Initiating structure is the degree of _____________ oriented behavior
task-oriented
Two types of behaviors that have been identified as important for leadership are what?
task-oriented behavior and people-oriented behavior
High concern for people, high concern for production
team management
Low follower readiness, high task behaviors, low relationship behaviors
telling (directing) style
4 leadership styles a leader can adopt according to the situational model
telling, selling, participating, and delegating
What is the point of the situational model?
that subordinates vary in readiness
Abraham is the kind of supervisor who enjoys being the boss because he likes to dictate what others can do and say. Although they are all fairly unhappy, Abraham's staff persons have not complained about his behavior because they fear him. As a leader who enjoys coercive power, Abraham would probably:
withhold compensation or dismiss his staff if they did not follow his directions.
Team management
work accomplishment is from committed people; interdependence through a common stake in organization purpose leads to relationships of trust and respect
In servant leadership, work exists for the development of the __________.
worker
