Chapter 15: North Africa
grassland
A long belt of _____ that spans nearly 5,000 miles (8,046 km) runs east to west, south of the Sahara and the Sahel. Precipitation in this semi-arid climate region usually averages less than 14 inches (36 cm) annually. This amount of rain is enough to support the growth of shrubs and some trees, as well as short grasses that feed sheep, goats, and camels.
D
According to ancient cave paintings, North Africa was once A.known for its droughts. B.mostly covered by alluvial soil. C.vast desert spotted with watering holes. D.wet and green.
D
Africa's longest mountain range was the result of the interaction of the Eurasian and A.Atlas plates. B.Anatolian plates. C.Arabian plates. D.African plates.
dialects
Arabic is spoken in a variety of _________; for instance, Egyptians speak a bit differently than Tunisians.
French
As a result of colonization, people in Algeria and Morocco also speak _____.
C
As a result of conflict over who would rule North Africa in the 1800s, European colonial powers drew A.borders in hieroglyphics. B.governance contracts. C.geometric boundaries. D.territorial lines based on natural features.
Arab spring
As a result of the __ ___, food and fuel prices are high, and countries suffer from political instability.
wadis
Away from the Nile, in deserts, infrequent but intense rainstorms can create ______, or streambeds that remain dry until a heavy rain. The rainstorms often produce flash flooding. During a flash flood, __"__ fill with so much sediment that they can rapidly become mudflows, or moving masses of wet soil. The mudflows pose a danger to humans and animals.
seacoast and rivers
Because water is scarce, people tend to settle along ______ and _______
B
Before the 1950s, Egyptians relied on the Nile River's annual flooding to help agricultural lands because floodwaters carried A.wadis filled with sediment. B.sediments that formed alluvial soil. C.phosphates with key chemicals. D.mudflows, or masses of wet soil.
Aswan High dam, flooding
Beginning in the 1950s, the ____ ____ _____ and other dams were built to control the Nile River's flow and prevent ____.
Aswan High dam
Beginning in the 1950s, the _______ ____ ___ and other dams were built farther upstream along the Nile River. The dams were built to control the river's flow and reduce flooding. Dams were also built to provide year-round irrigation and hydroelectric power in Egypt. However, without the annual deposition of new alluvial material, soil fertility diminishes and requires the use of fertilizers. Away from the Nile, in deserts, infrequent but intense rainstorms can create wadis (WAH•dees), or streambeds that remain dry until a heavy rain. The rainstorms often produce flash flooding. During a flash flood, wadis fill with so much sediment that they can rapidly become mudflows, or moving masses of wet soil. The mudflows pose a danger to humans and animals.
arab
Beginning in the A.D. 600s, __- rule spread westward across North africa.
Mediterranean
Bodies of water also help define boundaries in the subregion. For example, edging the coast of North Africa, the _______ Sea separates Africa and Europe. To the region's east, Egypt's Sinai Peninsula, the Red Sea, and the Gulf of Aden separate North Africa from the Arabian Peninsula.
Oases
Despite their arid conditions, the North African deserts can support some vegetation, such as cacti and drought-resistant shrubs. Small-scale farming is possible in ____, places in the desert where underground water surfaces. __"__ are very fertile due to the ready availability of water. Because they are a source of water and can support the growth of trees—such as olive trees and date palms—many ___"__ in the Sahara are also the sites of villages, towns, and cities.
Ottoman
From the 1500s to the end of World war 1, the _____ EMpire controlled the region.
expanded
In recent decades, droughts have _____ the extent of the Sahara. (expanded or contracted)
nationalism
In the 1900s, the European idea of __ led dto North African countries becoming independent.
population
Indigenous groups, migrations, and climate shaped _____ patterns in North Africa.
middle
Many North African countries have developed a rising ______ class
oil, mineral
Many countries are trying to decrease their reliance on ___and ____ exports so that their economies become more diverse.
revenue
Minerals also provide ______ for North African countries. Deposits of chromium, gold, lead, manganese, and zinc are sprinkled across the region. Discoveries of iron ore and copper deposits indicate that the region may contain up to 10 percent of the world's iron ore reserves.
Nile Delta
More than 90 percent of Egypt's people live in the _____ ___ or somewhere along its course.
regs, hamadas
Most areas of the Sahara are not sandy ergs. Insteads, "desert pavement," or ___ and sandstone plateaus, or _____, are the most common landforms.
Mediterranean Sea
Name the body of water that separates North africa from Europe.
Sahel
Name the flat, semiarid plain just to the south of the Sahara.
Sahara
Name the largest hot dessert in the world.
Algeria
North Africa boasts an abundance of natural resources. The region's most significant resources are phosphates, natural gas, and petroleum. Morocco is one of the leading exporters of phosphates. ___ has the tenth-largest natural gas reserves in the world. Additionally, it ranks sixteenth in oil reserves and sixth among the world's gas exporters.
location
North Africa experiences such significant tectonic activity because of its __________.
north,south
North Africa has a varied climate because it is the meeting place of different types of air masses. Humid and cold air masses come from the _. Hot, tropical air masses come from the _.
A
Parts of Morocco, Tunisia, and Libya have a A.cool, rainy winter and hot, dry summer. B.humid subtropical climate with high precipitation. C.cool continental climate. D.mild, dry winter and warm, wet summer.
migrate
People ______ outside of North Africa to other regions to find employment.
Nile River
SOme of the oldest human civilizations began in North Africa in the Fertile ____ _____ valley. People from nearby Arabia and EUrope have influenced North Africa.
diverse
Some countries in North Africa are trying to make their economies more ______ as a way to decrease their reliance on oil and mineral exports. Algeria has tried to attract increased investment in business and industry. Libya is investing in infrastructure, agriculture, and fisheries.
Mediterranean
Some parts of North Africa enjoy the benefits of a mild _____ climate. Occurring in parts of Morocco, Tunisia, and Libya, this climate consists of cool, rainy winters and hot, dry summers. Countries with __"____ climates boost their economies by exporting citrus fruits, olives, and grapes. They are mostly exported to Europe and North America. Some of these countries also benefit from tourism. People from colder climates seek the sunshine and warmth of the North African ____"______ climate.
Tell, Saharan
The Atlas mountains are separated into sections; the northern section is the _______ Atlas and the southern section is the ______ Atlas. Both sections of the Atlas mountains have deep forges, or deep areas between mountains. There gorges cut through the sediment, or material, that comes from the runoff derived from annual rainfall.
nile river valley, 6,000
The Egyptian civilization developed in the _____ ____ ___ about ___ years ago.
Complex irrigation system, hieroglyphics
The Egyptians developed ____ _____ _ and a system of writing we call ______.
C
The Nile River had a negative impact after the 1950s when construction of dams led to A.droughts that harm farmland and livestock. B.a buildup of new alluvial material. C.reduced soil fertility. D.changed boundaries and border disputes.
steepe, desert
The Sahara mostly consists of 2 types of climates: _____ and ______.
B
The Sahara mostly consists of two types of climate: a dry subtropical and a A.semi-arid climate. B.tropical savanna climate. C.Mediterranean climate. D.continental climate.
Sahel
The _ is a flat plain that marks a transition from the Sahara to the north and grasslands, or savanna, to the south.
berbers
The ___ are indigenous to NOrth Africa.
coastal, highland
The _____ and ________ areas near mountain ranges usually receive the most rainfall creating green vegetation.
sahel
The _____ is a flat plain that stretches about 3,300 miles (5,400 km) across the subregion from Senegal to Sudan south of the Sahara. The narrow band of semi-arid land forms a transition zone between the Sahara and the savannas to the south. The most common animal in the ___"______ is the Senegal gerbil. Baobab and acacia trees are also found in the transition zone. Cattle feed on the ___"__'s prickly cram-cram grass.
Nile River
The _______ _________ is 4,160 miles long, and the longest in the world.
islam
The arab invasion beginning in the AD 600s brought _ to north Africa.
aird, semi-arid, northern, southern
The desert regions of North Africa experience extreme changes in climate. The Sahara mostly consists of two types of climates: an _____ (desert) and a ____ (steppe) climate. ___ parts of the Sahara have winters with freezing temperatures, while the ____ Sahara is characterized by milder, dry winters and summer rains. The harsh desert climate makes vegetation growth sparse.
desert
The entire area covered by the Sahara is classified as ___ because its annual precipitation averages 10 inches (25 cm) or less. The Sahara, the largest hot desert in the world, is about 3.5 million square miles (9.1 million sq. km) and covers almost 75 percent of North Africa. In recent decades, droughts have expanded the extent of the Sahara.
Mount Tahat
The highest mountain in the Ahaggar is ________ ______.
D
The indigenous people of North Africa before the Arab invasions are known as the A.Algerians. B.Ottomans. C.bedouins. D.Berbers.
tectonic
The landscapes of North Africa have been shaped by the action of 4 _________ plates: the African, Arabian, Anatolian, and Eurasian.
Atlas
The longest mountain range in Africa is the ____ mountians.
phosphates, natural gas, petroleum
The most important natural resources of North Africa are ___________, _______, and _____.
alluvial soil
The people in Egypt waited for and depended on the yearly flooding of the Nile RIver before the 1950s. THe floodwaters carried sediments that were left along the rivers banks. THese sediments formed rich ____ ___ that made for good agricultural.
ergs
The sandy dune-covered ares in the desert (the Sahara) are called _.
Earthquakes
The tectonic plates not only shape North Africa, and build mountains but they shift landmasses and cause _______.
Sinai Peninsula, Red Sea, Gulf of Aden
To the east, Egypt's _____ ______, the ___ _____, and the _____ ___ _____ separate North Africa from the Arabian Peninsula.
Hamadas
What are flat, sandstone plateaus?
Regs
What are stony plains covered with rocky gravel, also know as "desert pavement"?
These are the tectonic plates that shaped North Africa.
What are these 4 things and what is their significance? 1. the African 2.the Arabian 3.the Anatolian 4.the Eurasian
Morocco
What country is one of the leading exporters of phosphates?
nationalism
What is a belief in the right of a nation to be an independent state?
Geometric boundary
What is a fixed limit or extent that typically follows straight lines?
nomad
What is a member of a wandering pastoral people?
bedouin
What is a member of the nomadic desert peoples of North Africa and Southwest Asia?
the Ahaggar
What is a mountainous plateau region in the north-central Sahara?
mudflows
What is a moving mass of wet soil?
Phosphate
What is a natural mineral containing chemical compounds often used in fertilizers?
Alluvial soil
What is a rich soil made up of sand and mud deposited by running water?
Wadi
What is a streambed that is dry, except during heavy rain, and located in the desert?
Hieroglyphics
What is an ancient writing system used in Egypt in which pictures and symbols represent words and sounds?
deserts
What is the dominant land feature of North Africa?
the Sahel
What is the flat plain that stretches from Senegal to Sudan?
A
What is the name of the large, mountainous plateau region in the north-central Sahara? A.the Ahaggar B.Mount Tahat C.the Atlas Mountains D.the Maghreb
the Nile
What is the world's longest river?
Domesticate
What is to adapt plants and animals from the wild for human use?
The Atlas Mountians
What is... *Africa's longest mountain range *spreads from southwest Morocco to northeast Tunisia *Known as Maghreb *split into north and south sections
Nile Delta
What is... *The fertile land along the Nile's banks *where some of the world's earliest cicilizations began *90 percent of Egypt's people love in the ___ _ or along the course of Nile *3% of Egypt's land
The Nile River
What is... *the longest river in the world *river starts in the highlands of Ethiopia and Uganada and flows north through the desert
90%
What percentage of people, in Egypt, live in the Nile Delta?
Nile Delta
Where is where some of the world's earliest civilization started?
C
Which of the following describes the positive effects that construction of dams on the Nile River had on the region? A.a boost to tourism in the region B.improved river transportation C.irrigation and hydroelectric power D.streambeds that stay dry until rain
C
Which of the following does NOT describe the Sahel? A.flat, barren plain B.transition zone between the Sahara and the savannas C.more than 14 inches of rain per year D.semi-arid land
C
Which of the following is NOT the name of one of the tectonic plates that meet to form North Africa's landscape? A.Arabian B.Anatolian C.Atlas D.Eurasian
B
Which of the following was NOT a feature of human geography in North Africa? A.the use of sophisticated irrigation systems B.flooding from the Nile that deposited rich soil C.the development of a calendar with a 365-day year D.a form of picture writing called hieroglyphics
A
Which of the following was a result of the Arab invasions of North Africa? A.Islam spread. B.The Arab Spring movement began. C.A coup overthrew the monarchy. D.Colonial powers drew geometric boundaries.
cities
Within North Africa, ___ have grown rapidly as people migrate there from rural areas.
Islam, Arabic
__ and _ language have helped define much of the culture and society of north africa.
Sahara
__ is the largest hot desert in the world, 75% of Africa, works from west to east.
Alluvial soil
___ _____ is carried by the Nile and very good for agriculture, dams can be a problem
Phosphates
___ is produced majorly by Morocco and is important in production of fertilizer
Mediterranean climate
____ ___ is in far north africa with cool rainy winters and hot dry summers; mild climate
Nile river
_____ __ is the longest river in the world, flows from south to north, 90% of people have access.
Altas Mountians
______ ___ is the longest mountain chain Africa, and they work from west to east in North Africa.
Western Sahara, Mauritania
______ ________ and _______ occupy a large region in northwest Africa. This region is on the edge of the Sahara.
petroleum, oil
______ and ___ products are NOrth Africa's main exporters.
tecontic activity
_______ ______ in North Africa creates mountains like the Atlas Mountains.
highest
he Tibesti Mountains in northeastern Niger and southern Libya rise steeply above the surrounding plains. The mountain range is about 300 miles (480 km) long and about 175 miles (280 km) at its widest point. The Tibesti Mountains are the location of the ______point in the Sahara—the volcanic summit of Emi Koussi in northern Chad. It has an elevation of 11,204 feet (3,415 m).
75
he entire area covered by the Sahara is classified as desert because its annual precipitation averages 10 inches (25 cm) or less. The Sahara, the largest hot desert in the world, is about 3.5 million square miles (9.1 million sq. km) and covers almost ___ percent of North Africa. In recent decades, droughts have expanded the extent of the Sahara.
